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A-Level PE > 🔴 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

🔴 1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. Heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood

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2
Q

Systole

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle - the ventricles contract and blood pumped to the arteries

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3
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

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4
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

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5
Q

Fitness

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of the environment

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6
Q

Physical activity

A

Being active and taking part in exercise - can directly benefit your physical health and wellbeing

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7
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

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8
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise

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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out. Measured in litres per minute

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10
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of

A

The heart and the blood vessels

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11
Q

Why is an efficient cardiovascular system important during exercise

A
  • deliever oxygen to working muscles
  • gather waste products
  • transporting heat (a by product of exercise) to the skin so the performer can cool down
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12
Q

Cardiac muscles - what are they? Where has more?

A

Cardiac muscles and the muscles in the walls of the heart. These muscles help to push blood through the heart. The ventricles have thicker muscular walls as it takes much more force to push the blood out of the heart then to push the blood from the atrial to the ventricles

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13
Q

What does the vena cava do ?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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14
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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15
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated

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16
Q

What does the aorta do

A

Transports blood from left ventricle to the working muscles

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17
Q

What is the job of the valves of the heart

A

They open and close to allow blood to pass through but also to prevent back flow of blood

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18
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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19
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

A small mass of cardiac muscles found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heart beat. It is more commonly called the pacemaker

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20
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

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21
Q

Bundle of his

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

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22
Q

Purkyne fibres

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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23
Q

What is the largest chamber of the heart and why

A

Left ventricle because it needs to pump blood to the whole body so it requires the largest and more developed cardiac muscles. Whereas the right ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs

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24
Q

the rate at which the impulses are fireed from the SAN cam be controlled by 3 main mechanisms:

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • medulla oblongata
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25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up the heart rate

26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic nervous system that slows down the heart rate

27
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the most important part of the brain as it regulates the processes that keeps us alive such as breathing and heart rate

28
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system, determines the rate at which the SAN sends out impulses

29
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system speed up HR

A

releases adrenaline which will then increase the strength of the ventricular contractions which then increases stroke volume.

30
Q

noradrenaline

A

this aids the spread of electrical impulses throughout the heart increases the heart rate

31
Q

how does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease the heart rate

A

releases ACETYLCHOLINE which slows the spread of impulses throughout the heart

32
Q

2 parts of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
33
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of nerve cells which transmit information to and from the CNS

34
Q

cardiac control centre is stimulated by

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • propioreceptors
35
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

CAROTOID ARTERIES
AORTIC ARTERIES

36
Q

role of chemoreceptors

A

they sense chemical changes in the blood. they detect co2 levels changing and for example, when co2 levels increase, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and when the co2 levels decrease, the parasympathetic nervous system is activated decreasing heart rate

37
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

found in the arterial walls

38
Q

role of baroreceptors

A

the baroreceptors will establish a set point for blood pressure. an increase or decrease from this set point results in baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla oblongata.

increase in arterial pressure = increase in baroreceptors stretch = DECREASE in heart rate

decrease in arterial pressure = decrease in baroreceptor stretch = INCREASE in heart rate

39
Q

where are proprioceptors found

A

muscles, tendons and joints

40
Q

role of proprioceptors

A

provides information about movement and body position. increase in muscular movement leads to sympathetic nervous system … increase hr

41
Q

adrenaline

A

a stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nervous system and cardiac nerve during exercise causing increase in heart rate

42
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A

redirecting of blood to the areas it is most needed

43
Q

why shouldnt sports performers eat less than an hour before competition

A

a full gut would result in more blood being directed to the stomach instead of the working muscles - results in detrimental effect on the performer, less oxygen available

44
Q

why does blood flow to the brain have to remain constant

A

ensure the brain functions are maintained and the brain needs oxygen for energy to maintain

45
Q

when exercising, why does more blood need to go to the heart

A

because the heart muscles (cardiac muscles) need oxygen for energy to beat faster

46
Q

when exercising, why does more blood need to go to the skin

A

energy is needed to cool the body down

47
Q

vasometer centre

A

located in the medulla oblongata of the brain, controls both blood flow and blood pressure

48
Q

how do the receptors redistribute blood flow

A

These receptors will stimulate the vasometre centre which will redustribute blood flow through vascontrictikn and vasodilation. Vasodilation is when the blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to the capillaries . Vasoconstriction is when the blood vessels narrows to decrease blood flow

49
Q

What other mechanism causes redistribution of blood flow

A

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system located in the walls of the blood vessels. When sympathetic stimulation increases, vasoconstriction occurs and blood flow reduces

50
Q

During exercise, in the capillaries, what percentage of oxygen dissolves into plasma

A

3%

51
Q

During exercise, in the capillaries, what percentage of oxygen combines with haemoflobin

A

97%

52
Q

When fully saturated, how many oxygen molecules will each haemoglobin carry

A

4

53
Q

Why is oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin at the tissue?

A

Because of the low pressure of oxygen that exists there, oxygen diffuses from area of high concentration to low

54
Q

Oxyhameoglobin dissociation

A

Release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin to the tissues

55
Q

When oxygen is released into the tissue, what is it stored by and why

A

Myoglobin this is because myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and will store the oxygen for the mitochondria

56
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them

57
Q

Haemoglobin

A

An iron containing pigment found in RBC which combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

58
Q

Myoglobin

A

Often called ‘muscle haemoglobin’ it is a iron containing pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres which has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. Its main function is to transport oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria where aeoribic respiration takes place

59
Q

What is the partial pressure of o2

A

The amount of o2 in your blood stream

60
Q

What does the Bohr effect mean

A

It means that for the same amount of blood in your body, more oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin into the tissues. The Bohr shift will allow oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin more easily becyase the haemoglobin will have lower affinity for oxygen

61
Q

What factors cause the Bohr effect to occur

A
  • increase acidity
  • lower ph
  • increase co2
  • increase body temp
62
Q

Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate below 60bpm

A-Level PE (12 decks)

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