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A-Level PE > 🔴 1.3 The Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

🔴 1.3 The Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of muscle fibre

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • fast oxidative glycolytic (type IIa)
  • fast glycolytic (type IIb)
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2
Q

Slow twitch fibres

A

These fibres have slower contraction speed than fast twitch fibres and are better adapted to lower intensity exercise such as long distance running. Produce most of their energy aerobically

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3
Q

Aerobic

A

Means with oxygen so it refers to exercise that is low to medium intensity where the oxygen demand from the muscles can be met

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4
Q

Anaerobic

A

Means without oxygen, and refers to exercise at high intensity such as sprinting where the demand for oxygen is so high it cannot be met

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5
Q

Fast twitch fibres

A

Fast contraction speed and can generate a greater force of contraction, however, they fatigue very quickly, used in short intense bursts of effort

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6
Q

Type IIa fast oxidative glycolytic

A

More resistant to fatigue and are used for events such as 1500m (medium distance)

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7
Q

Type IIb fast glycolytic

A

Fibres fatigue much quicker than type IIa and are used for high explosive events such as 100m in athletics or basketball contest

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8
Q

3 characteristics of type 1

A
  • contraction speed = slow (110)
  • small motor neurone size
  • high mitochondrial density
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9
Q

3 characteristics of type IIa

A
  • contraction speed = 50
  • large motor neurone size
  • medium mitochondrial density
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10
Q

3 characteristics of type IIb

A
  • contraction speed = 50
  • motor neuron size is large
  • low mitochondria density
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11
Q

How does training effect fibre type

A

It is possible to increase the size of muscle fibres through training, the increase in size is hypertrophy which results in greater strength in muscle fibres

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12
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neurone and irs muscle fibres

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13
Q

Motor neurones

A

Nerve cells which transmits the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles

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14
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibres meet

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15
Q

What does every motor unit consist of

A

Motor neurone and muscle fibres

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16
Q

Can only one type of muscle fibres have be found in one unit

A

Yes

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17
Q

Why to muscle fibres work with nervous system

A

So contraction occurs

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18
Q

All or none law

A

Once the motor stimulates the muscle fibres, either all or none of them contract. This is because a minimum amount of stimulation called the threshold is required to start a contraction

19
Q

According to the all or none law, if the sequence of impulses is less than the threshold what happens

A

No muscle action will occur

20
Q

Factors to increase strength of contraction

A

Wave summation
Spatial summation
Tetanic contraction

21
Q

Wave summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs

22
Q

What needs to be present for a muscle to contract

A

Calcium

23
Q

Why will contraction strength increase if there are repeated nerve impulses with no time to contract

A

Because calcium will build up in the muscle cell which will then produce a forceful, sustained, smooth contraction which is referred to as a tetanic contraction

24
Q

Tetanic contraction

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

25
Q

What is spatial summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscles motor unitsn

26
Q

When perfomering a max deadlift, how does spatial summation allow maximum contraction

A

The recruitment of additional and bigger motor units within the muscle to develop more force

27
Q

What does PNF stand for

A

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

28
Q

What is PNF

A

an advanced stretching technique which is considered to be one of the most effective forms of flexibility training for increasing range of motion

29
Q

Most practical PNF technique

A

CRAC - contract relax antagonist contract

30
Q

What are proprioreceptors

A

Sensory organs in the muscles, tendons and joints that inform the body of the extent of movement that has taken place

31
Q

2 types of proprioreceptors

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

32
Q

Where do muscle spindles lie

A

Between skeletal muscle fibres

33
Q

What is the role of muscle spindles

A

Provide exciting signals to the central nervous system about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched. The CNS will then send an impulses back to the muscles telling it to contract, triggers a stretch reflex .

34
Q

What does the stretch reflex do

A

Causes the muscle to contract to prevent over stretching and reduces the risk of injury

35
Q

Top part of muscle spindle

A

Intrafusal fibres

36
Q

Middle part of muscle spindle

A

Extrafusal fibres

37
Q

Bottom part of muscle spindle

A

Sensory fibres

38
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Tension in the muscle but no visible movement

39
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs found

A

Between muscle fibre and tendon

40
Q

Role of Golgi tendon organs

A

Detect levels of tension in the muscle. When the muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF, they sense the increase in muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen. Known as autogenic inhibitation

41
Q

Autogenic inhibitation

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. Receptors involved = Golgi tendon organs

42
Q

Components of Golgi tendon organs

A

Afferent neuron
Capsule
Sensory neuron
Collagen fibre

43
Q

During PNF why is the leg able to stretch further after the leg isometrically contracts

A

Because the Golgi tendon organs are then responsible for the antagonist muscle relaxing meaning the leg stretches further

A-Level PE (12 decks)

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