🟣 3.1 Emergence of the Globalisation of Sport in the 21st Century: Amateurism & Professionalism Flashcards
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Professional
A person who plays sport for the financial gain
4 values of amateurism
- manliness, robust
- appreciate the value of health and fitness
- rule regulated activity
- high moral integrity
5 characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’
- respected member of society with public school background
- social elite, wealthy and plenty of free time
- participation in sport = seen as character building exercise, training frowned upon (as it would constitute professionalism)
- played a range of sports, using natural talent
- played sport to a high moral code
8 positive impacts of amateurism
- amateurs held a higher status that professionals at the time
- code of amateurism (clearly set rules put into place)
- code of ethics, high set of moral values
- belonging to the social elite, being wealthy and having free time, could afford to play sport
- participation in sport = seen as more valuable than winning and as ut was viewed as a character building exercise
- all rounder, played variety of sports
- amateurs were elite performers
- new middle class admired culture and values of upper class
Background of working class professional
Poor background, perceived to be corruptible, do anything to make moeny
Why would a working class professional play 1 sport
Because they would be paid according to results of performance. This would mean they would have to win and so trainjng would become specialised and winning would be the most important thing.
What was common in professional sports
Foul play and gamesmanship ( stretching the rules to their absolute limit) where used to try and increase their advantage of winning
Gentlemen amateur vs working class professional
Upper class / middle class vs working class
Wealthy vs poor
Lots of free time vs very little free time due to long working hours
No desire to train and improve vs committed training to perform as well as possible
High morality vs low morality
4 positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on sport development
- Being paid meant working class could play sport as they could keep their wages as they were being paid for time off work
- Standards improved from training
- Lead to commercialisation and media coverage
- Seen as an avenue of social mobility
4 key features of early 20th century amateurs
- high status in sport and society
- controllers of sport, kept positions at top of national governing bodies
- top performers
- high moral. No payment emphasises fair play and sportsmanship
5 Key features of modern day amateurs
- lower status, professionals now high status
- some high level performers still not professionals (e,g gymnasts)
- there has been a blurring of amateur and professional distinctions with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more egalitarian (equal rights for all)
- performance at top level in most sports now open to all
- some amateurs receive finances
3 positives of Morden day amateurism
- fair play and sportsmanship still evident
- still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways
- sports like rugby union maintained their amateurism until late 20th century which maintains sportsmanship
7 Factors which are responsible for the growth of modern day professionalism
- social class is no longer a barrier to success (social mobility more possible and not a barrier)
- people respected for their talents and efforts of reaching the top
- high rewards of professionals through media and sponsorship
- more time to train leading to higher standards than amateurs
- celebrity status due to more media coverage and investments in sports
- role models
- more spectators at matches with easier more affordable travel
What is rationalisation
Process of transforming popular recreation into structured, competitive organised sport
7 Factors which explain the growth and development of association football
- urbanisation (large number of people in 1 place, large captive audience, also purpose built facilities, specialist facilities)
- more free time (workers = less time in factories, more time to watch and play sport, 3pm sat)
- more disposable income = improved standard of living, gave more free time and more money to be spent going to football
- improved transport = trains meant more attendances at away matches and improved regularity to the matches
- increased professionalism = more opportunities to play football as a job increased
- social class links = middle class influence gave football more respectability with emphasises on high morality
- increased organisation = highly structured and standardised when in 1863 FA was created
In the first half of the 20rh century what did sport become part of
It became part of a commercialised mass entertainment industry
When did BBC begin their live coverage of sporting events
1927
What happened to wages in the second half of the 20th century
In the first half of the 20th century, there was a maximum wage in football, constraining earnings. In the second half, this was scrapped.
In 1900, what was the max a player could be paid per week
£4
Why was the maximum wage abolished
Threatened strikes from the professional footballers associatiin
What ruling meant there was a freedom of contract
Bosman ruling
When was the bosman ruling made
15 December 1995
What was the bosman ruling
A European court of justice decision made concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decisi9n as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. Effectively allowed footballers within the eu to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid
When was professionalism in football legalised
8 December 1895
Wages 1922
Wage cap increased to £8 per week
Wages 1947
Jimmy Guthrie became the players’ union chairman and achieves an increase in maximum wage to £12 per week (£10 in off season/summer)
Wages 1961
PFA chairman Jimmy Jill won the abolition of the max wage with Johnny Haynes becoming the first £100 a week footballer
Wages 1994
Chris Sutton became first £10,000 a week footballer when he moved from Norwhcih city to Blackburn rovers
Wages 1995
Bosman ruling meant out of contract players free and therefore, far higher wages where negiotated
Wages 2000
Roy Keane became first £50,000 a week footballer when he sighed for united
Wages 2001
Sol Campbell became first £100,000 a week player following his Bosman free transfer from spurs to arsenal
Wages 2010
Carlos tevez earns £286,000 a week over a million a month
