🟣 3.1 Emergence of the Globalisation of Sport in the 21st Century: Amateurism & Professionalism

Question 1

Amateur

Answer 1

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

Question 2

Professional

Answer 2

A person who plays sport for the financial gain

Question 3

4 values of amateurism

Answer 3

• manliness, robust
• appreciate the value of health and fitness
• rule regulated activity
• high moral integrity

Question 4

5 characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’

Answer 4

• respected member of society with public school background
• social elite, wealthy and plenty of free time
• participation in sport = seen as character building exercise, training frowned upon (as it would constitute professionalism)
• played a range of sports, using natural talent
• played sport to a high moral code

Question 5

8 positive impacts of amateurism

Answer 5

• amateurs held a higher status that professionals at the time
• code of amateurism (clearly set rules put into place)
• code of ethics, high set of moral values
• belonging to the social elite, being wealthy and having free time, could afford to play sport
• participation in sport = seen as more valuable than winning and as ut was viewed as a character building exercise
• all rounder, played variety of sports
• amateurs were elite performers
• new middle class admired culture and values of upper class

Question 6

Background of working class professional

Answer 6

Poor background, perceived to be corruptible, do anything to make moeny

Question 7

Why would a working class professional play 1 sport

Answer 7

Because they would be paid according to results of performance. This would mean they would have to win and so trainjng would become specialised and winning would be the most important thing.

Question 8

What was common in professional sports

Answer 8

Foul play and gamesmanship ( stretching the rules to their absolute limit) where used to try and increase their advantage of winning

Question 9

Gentlemen amateur vs working class professional

Answer 9

Upper class / middle class vs working class
Wealthy vs poor
Lots of free time vs very little free time due to long working hours
No desire to train and improve vs committed training to perform as well as possible
High morality vs low morality

Question 10

4 positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on sport development

Answer 10

1. Being paid meant working class could play sport as they could keep their wages as they were being paid for time off work
2. Standards improved from training
3. Lead to commercialisation and media coverage
4. Seen as an avenue of social mobility

Question 11

4 key features of early 20th century amateurs

Answer 11

• high status in sport and society
• controllers of sport, kept positions at top of national governing bodies
• top performers
• high moral. No payment emphasises fair play and sportsmanship

Question 12

5 Key features of modern day amateurs

Answer 12

• lower status, professionals now high status
• some high level performers still not professionals (e,g gymnasts)
• there has been a blurring of amateur and professional distinctions with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more egalitarian
• performance at top level in most sports now open to all
• some amateurs receive finances

Question 13

3 positives of Morden day amateurism

Answer 13

• fair play and sportsmanship still evident
• still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways
• sports like rugby union maintained their amateurism until late 20th century which maintains sportsmanship

Question 14

7 Factors which are responsible for the growth of modern day professionalism

Answer 14

• social class is no longer a barrier to success (social mobility more possible and not a barrier)
• people respected for their talents and efforts of reaching the top
• high rewards of professionals through media and sponsorship
• more time to train leading to higher standards than amateurs
• celebrity status due to more media coverage and investments in sports
• role models
• more spectators at matches with easier more affordable travel

Question 15

What is rationalisation

Answer 15

Process of transforming popular recreation into structured, competitive organised sport

Question 16

Factors which explain the growth and development of association football

Answer 16

• urbanisation (large number of people in 1 place, large captive audience, also purpose built facilities, specialist facilities)
• more free time (workers = less time in factories, more time to watch and play sport, 3pm sat)
• more disposable income = improved standard of living, gave more free time and more money to be spent going to football
• improved transport = trains meant more attendances at away matches and improved regularity to the matches
• increased professionalism = more opportunities to play football as a job increased
• social class links = middle class influence gave football more respectability with emphasises on high morality
• increased organisation = highly structured and standardised when in 1863 FA was created

Question 17

In the first half of the 20rh century what did sport become part of

Answer 17

It became part of a commercialised mass entertainment industry

Question 18

When did BBC begin their live coverage of sporting events

Answer 18

1927

Question 19

What happened to wages in the second half of the 20th century

Answer 19

In the first half of the 20th century, there was a maximum wage in football, constraining earnings. In the second half, this was scrapped.

Question 20

In 1900, what was the max a player could be paid per week

Answer 20

£4

Question 21

Why was the maximum wage abolished

Answer 21

Threatened strikes from the professional footballers associatiin

Question 22

What ruling meant there was a freedom of contract

Answer 22

Bosman ruling

Question 23

When was the bosman ruling made

Answer 23

15 December 1995

Question 24

What was the bosman ruling

Answer 24

A European court of justice decision made concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decisi9n as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. Effectively allowed footballers within the eu to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid

Question 25

When was professionalism in football legalised

Answer 25

8 December 1895

Question 26

Wages 1922

Answer 26

Wage cap increased to £8 per week

Question 27

Wages 1947

Answer 27

Jimmy Guthrie became the players’ union chairman and achieves an increase in maximum wage to £12 per week (£10 in off season/summer)

Question 28

Wages 1961

Answer 28

PFA chairman Jimmy Jill won the abolition of the max wage with Johnny Haynes becoming the first £100 a week footballer

Question 29

Wages 1994

Answer 29

Chris Sutton became first £10,000 a week footballer when he moved from Norwhcih city to Blackburn rovers

Question 30

Wages 1995

Answer 30

Bosman ruling meant out of contract players free and therefore, far higher wages where negiotated

Question 31

Wages 2000

Answer 31

Roy Keane became first £50,000 a week footballer when he sighed for united

Question 32

Wages 2001

Answer 32

Sol Campbell became first £100,000 a week player following his Bosman free transfer from spurs to arsenal

Question 33

Wages 2010 Carlos tevez earns £286,000 a week over a million a month

Answer 33

Carlos tevez earns £286,000 a week over a million a month