🟣 3.2 The Impact of Sport on Society & of Society on Sport: Social Action Theory & Participation Flashcards
What is a social action theory
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action and focusing on the fact that individuals shape society through their actions and interactions. It emphasises that human behaviour is not just determined by social structures but also by personal choices, interpretations and meanings attached to social experiences
What is progression
The process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state
What is the interactionist approach
The study of how individuals behave within a society. It stresses that the people are who actually create a society. It also looks at how the individuals can help create and change society
How does the interactionist helpful in sport
- changes sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
- make sports organisations more democratic and less hierarchical
What are equal opportunities
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability
What is Prejudice
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts
What is discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person, or minority group, to make a distinction and act on a prejudice
What is overt discrimination
Visible / obvious discrimination (e.g verbal racist abuse)
What is covert discrimination
Hidden / less obvious (non selection of an individual as captain because of their race)
What is stereotyping
A stereotype is a preconceived idea about a group
Individual health (physical and mental) benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society
Increased health and fitness, lower body weight, lower blood pressure / stress levels, raised self esteem.
This causes less strain on the NHS and lower obesity levels
Individual social benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society
Improves social skills, improved ability to develop friendships
Cause increased community integration, improved community morale
Individual crime benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society
More positive use of free time
Meaning lower crime statistics
Individual employment benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society
Increase productivity at work, lower absenteeism
Workplace/employer benefits as less time off work. Higher productivity rates
Individual economic benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society
Increased spending on healthy persuits
Meaning more money is put into the economy via ‘leisure spend’
6 barriers to participation in sport
Lack of time
Negative social influences/poor PE experiences
Lack of motivation
Lack of skill
Lack of resources / costs of participation
Family obligations / domestic responsibilities
Solution to a lack of time
Add physical activity to a daily routine
Solution to negative social influences of poor PE experiences
Invite fault and friends to exercise with you; join a group where physical activity plays an important part
Solution to a lack of motivation
Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis
Solution to a lack of skill
Select activities requiring few or no skill
Solution to lack of resources or costs
Select an activity which requires limited equipment / facilities
Solution to family obligations / domestic responsibilities
Exercise with children, go for walks or runs
What are the 3 main target groups of society aimed at due to their lack of involvement in physical activity
- Women
- Minority ethnic groups
- Disability
What are infographics
A graphic visual representation of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly
What is a disability
A term used when impairment adversely affects performance
Comparison of percentage of disabled participants vs non disabled participants
18.5% of disabled people participate compared to 39.2% of non disabled people
7 common barriers to disability participation
- Negative self image or lack of confidence
- Low income meaning cannot afford membership or transport.
- Lack of access into or around facilities ( example no ramp to get into facility)
- Lack of organised programmes
- Low levels of media coverage, few role models to aspire to / lack of information available
- Lack of specialist coaches, clubs, competitions, equipment
- Myths / stereotypes surrounding participation of disabled people
6 ways to increase participation of disabled people
- Providing more opportunity for success, helping athletes to reach their highest possible level
- Increased investment in disabled sport
- Providing transport to facilities and acces into and around facilities
- Improved technology e.g wheelchairs
- Increased media coverage promoting role models to relate and aspire to
- Educating people on myths/stereotypes
What is racism
the assumption that races have distinct heredity characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others
What is stacking
The concentration of minority ethnic groups in certain positions in a sports team, based on their stereotypes
What is channelling
Minority ethnic groups being pushed into certain sports / positions based on assumptions
What did Sporting Equals suggest in 2015 about ethnic communities participating in sport
More than. 50% of people from black or minority ethnic communities do not participate in sport or physical activity
7 possible cause of lack of participation of ethnic groups in sport/physical activity
- Conflict with religion or culture
- Higher value placed on education over sports
- Fear of racism
- Fewer role models to aspire to
- Fear of rejection / low self esteem
- Stereotyping
- Language barriers
What is the Rooney rule
Rule which requires national football teams in the USA to interview candidates from minority groups for senior roles
5 ways to increase participation of minority groups
- Training more coaches, teachers, sports leaders from minority ethnic groups
- Ensuring there is single sex provision
- Publicising and punishing severely any racist abuse
- Ensuring PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic groups
- Organising campaigns against racism in sport
When was the Rooney rule established
2003
6 reasons there is less participation of women
- Lack of time and money
- School PE programmes, lack of options
- Fewer sponsorship opportunities / less funding
- Stereotypical myths
- Less media coverage … Fewer role models
- Channelling women into certain female appropriate sport
8 Solutions to gender inequality in sport
- Introduce laws which makes sex discrimination punishable
- Encourage social acceptance of women having jobs with more disposable income
- Encourage shared domestic responsibilities
- Increased media coverage creating role models
- Increase sponsorship to increase spending in women’s sports
- Provide education to reduce stereotypes
- Provide more opportunities for women to join clubs
- Making changing room or facilities clean and attractive
What percentage of women would participate in sports if changing rooms where cleaner
62% of women said they would participate in sport if the changing rooms where clean
7 HEALTH benefits of participating in sport
- Decrease risk of heart disease/stroke
- Avoidance of high / low blood pressure
- Decrease risk of type 2 diabetes
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Strengthening bones/muscles or decreasing risk of osteoporosis and back pain
- Decreased risk of some cancers
