🟣 3.2 The Impact of Sport on Society & of Society on Sport: Social Action Theory & Participation

Question 1

What is a social action theory

Answer 1

A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action and focusing on the fact that individuals shape society through their actions and interactions. It emphasises that human behaviour is not just determined by social structures but also by personal choices, interpretations and meanings attached to social experiences

Question 2

What is progression

Answer 2

The process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state

Question 3

What is the interactionist approach

Answer 3

The study of how individuals behave within a society. It stresses that the people are who actually create a society. It also looks at how the individuals can help create and change society

Question 4

How does the interactionist helpful in sport

Answer 4

• changes sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
• make sports organisations more democratic and less hierarchical

Question 5

What are equal opportunities

Answer 5

The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability

Question 6

What is Prejudice

Answer 6

To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts

Question 7

What is discrimination

Answer 7

The unfair treatment of a person, or minority group, to make a distinction and act on a prejudice

Question 8

What is overt discrimination

Answer 8

Visible / obvious discrimination (e.g verbal racist abuse)

Question 9

What is covert discrimination

Answer 9

Hidden / less obvious (non selection of an individual as captain because of their race)

Question 10

What is stereotyping

Answer 10

A stereotype is a preconceived idea about a group

Question 11

Individual health (physical and mental) benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society

Answer 11

Increased health and fitness, lower body weight, lower blood pressure / stress levels, raised self esteem.

This causes less strain on the NHS and lower obesity levels

Question 12

Individual social benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society

Answer 12

Improves social skills, improved ability to develop friendships

Cause increased community integration, improved community morale

Question 13

Individual crime benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society

Answer 13

More positive use of free time

Meaning lower crime statistics

Question 14

Individual employment benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society

Answer 14

Increase productivity at work, lower absenteeism

Workplace/employer benefits as less time off work. Higher productivity rates

Question 15

Individual economic benefits of participation in sport and the benefits to society

Answer 15

Increased spending on healthy persuits

Meaning more money is put into the economy via ‘leisure spend’

Question 16

6 barriers to participation in sport

Answer 16

Lack of time
Negative social influences/poor PE experiences
Lack of motivation
Lack of skill
Lack of resources / costs of participation
Family obligations / domestic responsibilities

Question 17

Solution to a lack of time

Answer 17

Add physical activity to a daily routine

Question 18

Solution to negative social influences of poor PE experiences

Answer 18

Invite fault and friends to exercise with you; join a group where physical activity plays an important part

Question 19

Solution to a lack of motivation

Answer 19

Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis

Question 20

Solution to a lack of skill

Answer 20

Select activities requiring few or no skill

Question 21

Solution to lack of resources or costs

Answer 21

Select an activity which requires limited equipment / facilities

Question 22

Solution to family obligations / domestic responsibilities

Answer 22

Exercise with children, go for walks or runs

Question 23

What are the 3 main target groups of society aimed at due to their lack of involvement in physical activity

Answer 23

1. Women
2. Minority ethnic groups
3. Disability

Question 24

What are infographics

Answer 24

A graphic visual representation of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly

Question 25

What is a disability

Answer 25

A term used when impairment adversely affects performance

Question 26

Comparison of percentage of disabled participants vs non disabled participants

Answer 26

18.5% of disabled people participate compared to 39.2% of non disabled people

Question 27

7 common barriers to disability participation

Answer 27

1. Negative self image or lack of confidence 2. Low income meaning cannot afford membership or transport. 3. Lack of access into or around facilities ( example no ramp to get into facility) 4. Lack of organised programmes 5. Low levels of media coverage, few role models to aspire to / lack of information available 6. Lack of specialist coaches, clubs, competitions, equipment 7. Myths / stereotypes surrounding participation of disabled people

Question 28

6 ways to increase participation of disabled people

Answer 28

1. Providing more opportunity for success, helping athletes to reach their highest possible level 2. Increased investment in disabled sport 3. Providing transport to facilities and acces into and around facilities 4. Improved technology e.g wheelchairs 5. Increased media coverage promoting role models to relate and aspire to 6. Educating people on myths/stereotypes

Question 29

What is racism

Answer 29

the assumption that races have distinct heredity characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others

Question 30

What is stacking

Answer 30

The concentration of minority ethnic groups in certain positions in a sports team, based on their stereotypes

Question 31

What is channelling

Answer 31

Minority ethnic groups being pushed into certain sports / positions based on assumptions

Question 32

What did Sporting Equals suggest in 2015 about ethnic communities participating in sport

Answer 32

More than. 50% of people from black or minority ethnic communities do not participate in sport or physical activity

Question 33

7 possible cause of lack of participation of ethnic groups in sport/physical activity

Answer 33

1. Conflict with religion or culture 2. Higher value placed on education over sports 3. Fear of racism 4. Fewer role models to aspire to 5. Fear of rejection / low self esteem 6. Stereotyping 7. Language barriers

Question 34

What is the Rooney rule

Answer 34

Rule which requires national football teams in the USA to interview candidates from minority groups for senior roles

Question 35

5 ways to increase participation of minority groups

Answer 35

1. Training more coaches, teachers, sports leaders from minority ethnic groups 2. Ensuring there is single sex provision 3. Publicising and punishing severely any racist abuse 4. Ensuring PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic groups 5. Organising campaigns against racism in sport

Question 36

When was the Rooney rule established

Answer 36

2003

Question 37

6 reasons there is less participation of women

Answer 37

1. Lack of time and money 2. School PE programmes, lack of options 3. Fewer sponsorship opportunities / less funding 4. Stereotypical myths 5. Less media coverage … Fewer role models 6. Channelling women into certain female appropriate sport

Question 38

8 Solutions to gender inequality in sport

Answer 38

1. Introduce laws which makes sex discrimination punishable 2. Encourage social acceptance of women having jobs with more disposable income 3. Encourage shared domestic responsibilities 4. Increased media coverage creating role models 5. Increase sponsorship to increase spending in women’s sports 6. Provide education to reduce stereotypes 7. Provide more opportunities for women to join clubs 8. Making changing room or facilities clean and attractive

Question 39

What percentage of women would participate in sports if changing rooms where cleaner

Answer 39

62% of women said they would participate in sport if the changing rooms where clean

Question 40

7 HEALTH benefits of participating in sport

Answer 40

1. Decrease risk of heart disease/stroke 2. Avoidance of high / low blood pressure 3. Decrease risk of type 2 diabetes 4. Maintaining a healthy weight 5. Strengthening bones/muscles or decreasing risk of osteoporosis and back pain 6. Decreased risk of some cancers