🟣 3.1 Emergence of the Globalisation of Sport in the 21st Century: Social and Cultural Influences on the Development of Rational Recreation

Question 1

When was the Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Deemed to be mid 18th / 19th century (1700s / 1800s)

Question 2

What did the Industrial Revolution change

Answer 2

Britain changed from a feudal, rural society to a industrialised, machine based, capitalist society controlled by powerful urban middle class

Question 3

Negative initial effects of Industrial Revolution on sport

Answer 3

• migration of lower class into urban areas = lower class looked for work in factories, meant loss of space to play traditional mob football and overcrowding
• lack of leisure time = shift from seasonal to mach8ne time, 12 hour working days, 6 days a week and Sunday was a sabbath day
• lack of income = low wages, poverty, little spare income for leisure pursuits
• poor health = poor working and living conditions , lack of hygiene meant little energy to play sport
• loss of rights = restrictions made on mob games and blood sports changed in criminal laws
• lack of public provision = no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower class

HITFOR

Question 4

Later, positive effects of Industrial Revolution on sport

Answer 4

• health / hygiene improved = improve living conditions, public baths passed improve cleanliness and stop spread of disease, more energy
• increase in wage and more time for sport = due to Factory Acts and Saturday half days
• new middle class = self made men (business owners) made sport more respectful, high moral code, developed strict rules, leagues and comps, facilities, gave more time off work
• ex-public schoolboys
• values of athleticism = trying hard and working to best of ability
• industrial patronage = factory owners who became patrons for working class, they would set up factory teams, sporting facilities, transportation
• cheaper to travel = participation, spectators increased

Question 5

What does urbanisation mean

Answer 5

Large numbers of people moving from rural areas into towns and cities

Question 6

Key factors of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport in this period

Answer 6

• lack of space = cities, space was premium, led to development of purpose built facilities
• large working class population = large working class needed entertainment resulting in mass spectators
• loss of traditional sports = many traditional working class sports, banned due to civilised urban society. Needed new sports to emerge
• change in working conditions = initially, long hours in factory, limited spare time. As situation improved, attendance and participation went up

Question 7

How did the development of railways contribute to the development of sport

Answer 7

• movement of teams / spectators = development of railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel, leading to nationwide fixtures
• access to different part of country = sports developed from local, to regional to national. Leagues forming which involved clubs from around the country
• cheaper train travel = cheap and affordable lead to fans following their teams
• access to countryside = rural events were reachable and affordabken

Question 8

What did improvements in educational provision mean

Answer 8

Improvements in their reading and writing abilities

Question 9

Developments of communication and what it meant

Answer 9

Developments in the printed media meant that there was an increased knowledge and awareness of sport (when fixtures took place, results of matches )

Led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models, increased participation

Question 10

What did the clergy / church see sport as

Answer 10

• good way to promote Christian values
• increase church attendance and help swell their congregations

Question 11

Impact of church on sport

Answer 11

• encouraged social control (improved behaviour)
• diverted people away from less socially acceptable activity such as drinking gambling
• provide facilities such as church halls
• set up teams and competitions

Question 12

What did the church see sport as

Answer 12

• a good way to promote Christian values
• good way to promote church attendance and help swell their congregations

Question 13

Football club which was originally a church organisation

Answer 13

Aston Villa

Question 14

What was the main difference between the upper class and new middle class

Answer 14

The middle class where self made individuals who had empathy for the working class, therefore they took time to help them

Question 15

Keys ways the middle class supported the development of sports for working class

Answer 15

• codification = development of strict rules, old boys played key role in production of rules and organisation of events
• public provision = development of public facilities made via middle class (pass gov acts)
• increased leisure time = middle class factory owners gradually gave their workers more free time to participate in sport or watch
• move to ‘professionalism’ = the middle class helped in the development of commercial / professional sport

Question 16

Who where philanthropists

Answer 16

Kind, generous middle class individuals who had a social conscience and where keen to provide better lives for working class

Question 17

According to the British empire, what was sport seen as

Answer 17

A good way to install moral values into people across thw world and binding of various people across the empire

Question 18

Ways the empire (public school boys and old boys) influenced the development of sport in Britain and its spread throughout the empire

Answer 18

• teachers = developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools
• industrialists and factory owners = set up teams and gave workers time off to spend time competing nationally and internationally
• clergy = developed church teams / became missionaries and took sports abroad
• officers in British army = used sport with the armed services and spread throughout the empire
• diplomats = travelled the world and too sport with them
• formed national governing bodies = this would codify sports and establish leagues and competitions

Question 19

What was public provision

Answer 19

Local council provision of facilities

Question 20

Example of a facility which was publically provisioned

Answer 20

Development of public bath houses and public washing facilities

Question 21

Why did the provision of public bath houses change sports and in general in this time

Answer 21

In this time of industrial, living conditions where poor and disease and pollution was common. With the development of public bath houses, it meant that health and hygiene improved and less diseases where spread. Meaning more energy to play sports.

Also, swimming became more popular and more frequent keeping more away from drinking end violence and also workers became healthier and less prone to serious diseases

Question 22

What are national governing bodies (NGBs)

Answer 22

A National Governing Body (NGB) is an organisation that governs and administers a sport on a national basis.

Question 23

In mid to late 1800s why where more NGBs made

Answer 23

• sport becoming more popular and more widespread of sport
• more teams and clubs being formed
• more national and international fixtures being organised
• threats of professionalism and commercialism
• maintain ‘amateur ideal’
• rules and codification for sports required

Question 24

Characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 24

• respectable = non violent and fair play
• regional / national / regularly played
• stringent administration and codification = strict and complex written rules
• refs / officials = present to enforce the newly developed rules
• purpose built facilities = specially constructed grounds, pitches, tracks
• skills / tactics based = had to become specialists in their roles

Question 25

Cultural factors which influenced rational recreation

Answer 25

• regional / national / international = improved transport (railways)
• respect / fair play = emergence of new middle class, public school influence, non violence
• purpose built facilities = lack of space in urbanisation
• rule- based = NGBs more literate society
• gambling controlled = increased law and order in capitalist economy
• regular = increased free time
• amateurism / professionalism = class structure