💎 2.2 Principles & Theories of Learning & Performance: Feedback Flashcards
What is feedback
Information received to amend performance and make improvement
What is positive feedback
Entails information that is good about their performance. Tells the player what is going well and offers motivation to maintain effort
What is negative feedback
Entails information as is what is going wrong with the performance so errors can be corrected and bad habits eliminated
What is extrinsic feedback
Derived from an outside source, so that the performer gains a view of what they need to improve on or which aspects of the task they need to maintain
What is intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within. Occurs as the player beings to develop experience and able to use the sense of kinaesthetic/internal feel to know if they have done something bad
What is knowledge of results
Feedback which gives an initial outcome of the attempted skill. This form of feedback gives an indication of whether or not the skill has been successful
What is knowledge of performance
More detailed analysis about the technique of the skill and how the technique can be developed to produce a better performance than the last attempt
Factors to consider when delivering feedback
- make it understandable, relevant to the performer
- positives should always be included
- make feedback appropriate to the performance level
- the stage of learning the performer is in
What type of feedback would a performer in the cognitive stage need
- encouragement and extrinsic feedback
- because they have little existing knowledge of the skill and positive encouragement would motivate the performer to continue learning the task
What type of feedback would a performer in the associative stage need
- long phase in which the performer makes steady progress
- early = extrinsic feedback to refine movements
- as stage progresses, more intrinsic to control movements
What type of feedback would a performer in the autonomous stage need
- performer requires detailed feedback on how to control their performance
- benefit from error correction
- use existing knowledge of the task to make internal adjustments
What is a plateau
A Period of no improvement in performance
What is a learning curve
Graphic illustration that shows how the rate of learning of a performer doing a closed skill over a period of time can vary
Stage 1 of learning curve
Where the rate of learning is slow and performance level is poor because the performer is new to the task as is in the cognitive stage of learning. Possible using trial and error
Stage 2 of learning curve
Rapid acceleration in the rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task and gain some success, providing reinforcement and motivation
Stage 3 of learning curve
No improvement in the rate of learning and the performance reached a plateau. Maintains at the same level
Stage 4 of learning curve
Period towards the end of the task when perhaps due to fatigue, performance may deteriorate
What is drive reduction
An end of task period when performance may get worse
When does drive reduction occur
When the performer has gained success on the task and the initial drive to succeed has been lost. Challenge of mastering the task has been overcome and a new challenge or extension to the task is needed to maintain motivation
6 causes of the plateau
- Lack of MOTIVATION: lack of incentives / extrinsic rewards may cause loss of drive
- BOREDOM: repeated nature of closed skill may cause boredom
- COACHING: may use incorrect instructions / incorrect practice methods
- limit of ABILITY: performer may not be able to improve simply because they have reached the full extent of their ability
- TARGETS too low : can’t improve because the limits of the task do not allow them to
- FATIGUE: continuous action over a long period of time would result in tiredness, DOMS
‘Maybe Barca can achieve total failure’
Acronym
5 ways to avoid a plateau
- Task could be extended so a new challenge to test performer is put into place
- Find new coach to raid performance levels
- Offer more praise and positive reinforcement
- Rest to avoid fatigue
- More variety to avoid boredom
