💎 2.2 Principles & Theories of Learning & Performance: Theories of Learning Flashcards
What is operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
What is the behaviourist theory
Attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
Where does operant conditioning originate
Pioneering work of the psychologist skinner (1948) who observed a rat in a cage called the Skinner box. Cage was fitted with a mechanism that delivered food to the rats every time a lever was touched. At first, accidentally hit the mechanism but quickly learned to hit the mechanism to gain a reward
What 3 features characterises operant conditioning
- Trail and error learning
- Coach may manipulate the environment
- Shapes behaviour through reinforcement
What principle does operant conditioning rely on
Principle that reinforced actions are strengthened and that incorrect actions are weakened. Based on the idea that success acts as a satisfier to strengthen correct actions
What is a satisfier
An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
What is an annoyer
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
How does a stimulus response bond improve performance
It refers to the connection that forms between a specific stimulus (something we perceive) and a specific response (the action we take as a result) . By strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response, actions can be learned.
What is positive reinforcement and why is it given
A pleasant response to an action. Given to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again in the future
What is negative reinforcement
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response. It promotes correct actions occurring to a stimulus by taking away an unpleasant stimulus when a performer does it right
Example of when negative reinforcement is used
When a coach is repeatedly telling a performer that they are doing badly, and then suddenly becomes quiet, the performer knows they are now doing the skill correctly
What is punishment
When a coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again
Which psychologist created observational learning theory
Albert bandura 1977
What does the observational learning suggest
Suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching and then copying other people
What are the 4 processes which make a performer more likely to copy a model demonstration
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor production
- Motivation
What does attention mean
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
4 ways to increase the attention of the performer
- Point out its function or the reason why you are asking them to learn it
- Make the model stand out by making it loud, bright and attracting therefore making it more memorable to the learner
- Make sure any information given is loud and clear
- Demonstration should be accurate and correct
What does retention mean
The ability to remember important information and recall it from the memory system
4 ways to increase retention
- By breaking any information given into ‘chunks’ and by repeating it
- Making sure the demonstration is accurate and clear
- Use of a role model or expert to ensure demonstration is clear
- Attempt the skill as soon as it has been seen
What is motor production
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
2 ways to develop motor production
- Setting easy tasks and then making progress as the task is more complex
- Giving the player time to practise and learn well before moving on to the next part of the task
What is motivation
The drive needed to copy the demonstration
1 way to increase motivation
Offer praise and rewards through positive reinforcement / feedback
4 ways model demonstrations and behaviour are more likely to be copied
- They are reinforced
- They are powerful visual and physically
- They are consistent
- They are relevant
