18.3: Mutations and Genetic Recombination

Question 1

What is a Mutation?

Answer 1

A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism

Question 2

How are all mutations heritable?

Answer 2

They can be copied during the replication process and passed down to daughter cells. Only mutations that affect gametes are passed down to offspring

Question 3

What are Somatic Cell Mutations?

Answer 3

Mutations that occur in the body cells

Question 4

What are Germ Line Mutations?

Answer 4

Mutations that are passed from one generation the next and occur in reproductive cells

Question 5

What are Mutations?

Answer 5

Small changes in the nucleotide sequence

Question 6

What is a Point mutation?

Answer 6

A chemical change that affects one or a few nucleotides

Question 7

What may happen in a Point mutation?

Answer 7

One nucleotide may be substituted for another or there may be an insertion and deletion of a nucleotide

Question 8

How might a point mutation by substitution affect a cell?

Answer 8

It will have a minor effect on the metabolism of the cell because it may not affect the coding of the protein

Question 9

What is Silent mutation?

Answer 9

A mutation that has no effect on the cells metabolism

Question 10

What is a Mis-sense mutation?

Answer 10

A mutation that results in an altered protein

Question 11

How can a Mis-sense mutation be harmful?

Answer 11

It can change the sequence of polypeptides. This can be seen in sickle cell disease

Question 12

What is a Nonsense Mutation?

Answer 12

A mutation that renders a gene unable to code for a functional polypeptide ex. codes for a stop prematurely

Question 13

What is Frameshift mutation?

Answer 13

A mutation that causes the entire reading frame to be altered

Question 14

Why do Substitution mutations not affect the entire frame?

Answer 14

Because they only substitution one nucleotide in for another

Question 15

What are many Mutations caused by?

Answer 15

Molecular interactions that take place naturally within cells

Question 16

What are Spontaneous Mutation?

Answer 16

Mutations that are caused by molecular interactions that take place naturally within cells

Question 17

What is one source of spontaneous mutation?

Answer 17

Incorrect base pairing by DNA polymerase during replication

Question 18

What are Induced Mutations?

Answer 18

Mutations that are caused by agents outside the cell

Question 19

What are Mutagens?

Answer 19

The substance or event that increases the rate of mutation in an organism

Question 20

What are the two type of Mutagens?

Answer 20

Physical and Chemical

Question 21

How do X-rays affect DNA?

Answer 21

They tear through DNA molecules causing random changes therefore X-rays are physical mutagens

Question 22

Why a Physical Mutagens known as Physical Mutagens?

Answer 22

Because they cause physical changes in the structure of DNA

Question 23

How does UV light affect cells?

Answer 23

It can cause a chemical reaction between C and T bases, resulting in the distortion of the DNA molecule, that interferes with replication

Question 24

What is a Chemical Mutagen?

Answer 24

A molecule that can enter the nucleus of the cell and induce mutation by reacting chemical with DNA

Question 25

How do Chemical Mutagens affect DNA?

Answer 25

They may insert itself into the DNA molecule causing a substitution or frameshift

Question 26

How do other Chemical Mutagens affect DNA?

Answer 26

They have structure similar to but with different base pairing properties which can cause incorrect nucleotides to be inserted during DNA replication

Question 27

What are most Chemical mutagens?

Answer 27

Carcinogenic

Question 28

What is cancer in Molecular terms?

Answer 28

The result of somatic cell mutations that disrupt the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle

Question 29

What are most cancers caused by?

Answer 29

Combinations in mutations

Question 30

What are the exceptions to the idea that DNA is universal?

Answer 30

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have different DNA

Question 31

What supports the theory that organelles were once independent cells?

Answer 31

The ability for mitochondrial and chloroplasts DNA to be different and synthesized differently

Question 32

What is the Endosymbiont theory?

Answer 32

The idea that different organelles used to be single cells

Question 33

What is mtDNA?

Answer 33

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 34

Whose mtDNA is yours identical to?

Answer 34

Yo mama

Question 35

What part of DNA has a higher rate of mutation?

Answer 35

Non-coding stretches DNA

Question 36

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 36

When researchers can manipulate genetic material to alter genes

Question 37

What is Recombinant DNA?

Answer 37

Genetic material from different sources

Question 38

What do Restriction Enzymes do?

Answer 38

Catalyze the cleavage of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Question 39

What are Restriction endonucleases?

Answer 39

A Restriction enzyme of an that cts within the interior of a DNA molecule

Question 40

What do Restriction Nucleases do?

Answer 40

Recognize short sequence nucleotides (called a target sequence) and cut the particular strand

Question 41

Why are restriction Nucleases so important to researchers?

Answer 41

Because their cuts are predictable and specific. And the create staggered cut at the end which are unpaired nucleotides (sticky ends), so they can bind with other cuts

Question 42

What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?

Answer 42

Seperating molecules according to their mass and charge

Question 43

How does Gel Electrophoresis work?

Answer 43

A solution containing DNA fragments is is applied to one end of the gel. When an electric current is passed through because DNA is more negative, it moves towards the positive end of the. Smaller fragments move quicker.

Question 44

What is a DNA Fingerprint?

Answer 44

The outcome of Gel Electrophoresis, where DNA is separated based on charge.