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Biology 30 > 11.1 Structures and Processes Nervous System > Flashcards

11.1 Structures and Processes Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The state of relative stability within the body

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Because the body can only survive within a narrow range of conditions

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3
Q

How does the nervous system of people in warmer climates act when encountering cold?

A

The nervous system constricts blood to extremities to conserve heat

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4
Q

How does the nervous system of people in colder climates act when encountering cold?

A

The nervous system fluctuates the constriction and dilation of blood vessels. This conserves heat but also allows for continual blood flow to prevent frostbite

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5
Q

What does the Nervous system do?

A

Monitors and controls most body processes

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6
Q

What makes up the Nervous System?

A

The Brain, the Spinal cord, and the Nerves

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7
Q

How many nerve cells does the human nervous system contain?

A

100 Billion

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8
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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9
Q

How did researchers come up with CNS and PNS?

A

Based on where the tissue is located in the body. Centrally or away from the center of the body (peripherally)

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10
Q

What does the Central and Peripheral nervous system control?

A
  • Sensory Input
  • Integration
  • Motor Output
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11
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

What does the Central Nervous system do?

A

Integrates and processes information sent by nerves

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13
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous system made of?

A

Nerves that carry sensory messages to the central nervous system
and nerves that send info from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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14
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous system further divided into?

A

The Somatic System and the Autonomic System

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15
Q

What does the Somatic System consist of?

A
  • Sensory receptors in the head and extremities
  • Nerves that carry info to the CNS
  • Nerves that carry info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
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16
Q

What does the Autonomic system control?

A

Glandular secretions and the functioning of smooth cardiac muscles

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17
Q

What is the Autonomic system further divided into?

A

The Sympathetic nervous system and the Parasympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

What do the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous system do?

A

Work in opposition to each other to regulate the involuntary processes of the body

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19
Q

What are some involuntary processes in the body?

A
  • Heartbeat

* Peristalsis

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20
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells that make up the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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21
Q

What are the cells that support Neurons called?

A

Glial cells

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22
Q

What are Neurons?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of the Nervous system

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23
Q

What do Neurons do?

A

They respond to physical and chemical stimuli

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24
Q

How do Neurons respond to physical and chemical stimuli?

A

By conducting electrochemical signals and releasing chemicals that regulate various body processes

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25
Q

Where does the word Glial come from?

A

Greek for meaning glue

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26
Q

How many Glial cells are there in comparison

A

Glial cells outnumber neurons 10:1

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27
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

They nourish neurons, remove their waste, and defend against infection. They also provide a supportive framework for all the nervous system tissue

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28
Q

How are individual neurons organized?

A

They are organized into tissues called Nerves

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29
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Extend Neurons throughout the peripheral nervous system

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30
Q

What are two jobs of nerves?

A

Some consist of neurons that carry information from sensory receptors
Other nerves consist of neurons that carry information to the muscles or glands

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31
Q

Why do neurons vary in different sizes and appearance?

A

Because of where they are present in the body and their function

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32
Q

What does the basic impulse transmission pathway depend on?

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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33
Q

What does sensory input mean?

A

Sensory neurons gather information from sensory receptors and transmit these impulses to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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34
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

Within the central nervous system

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35
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

They act as a link between sensory and motor neurons

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36
Q

What does integration mean?

A

When interneurons process and integrate sensory information relay outgoing motor information

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37
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Receive stimuli and form a nerve impulse

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38
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

Transmit impulses from the sensory receptors to the interneurons

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39
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Are found in the brain and spinal cord and act as an integration center

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40
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Conduct impulses from interneurons to the effectors

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41
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles, glands, and other organs that respond to impulses from the motor neurons

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42
Q

What is motor output?

A

When motor neurons transmit information from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and other organs

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43
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Sudden unlearned, involuntary responses to stimuli

44
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

Simples connections of neurons that explain reflexive behaviors

45
Q

Why are reflexes very rapid?

A

Because they use very few neurons to transmit messages

46
Q

What is an example of a reflex arc?

A

The sensory neuron senses a stimuli and sends a message to the interneuron and which then relays the message to the motor neuron

47
Q

What are the 4 common features of neurons?

A

Dendrites, a cell body (soma), an axon, and branching ends

48
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Short, branching terminals that receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors and relay the impulse to the cell body

49
Q

Why are dendrites highly branched?

A

To increase the surface area able to receive information

50
Q

What does the cell body contain and what happens in it?

A

It contains the cell body and is the sight of metabolic reactions. They also process input from the dendrites

51
Q

What happens after the cell body receives input from the dendrites?

A

It relays it to the axon where an impulse is initiated

52
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

53
Q

Why does the end of the axon branch into many fibres?

A

To communicate with adjacent neurons, glands, or muscles

54
Q

How does the axon communicate with adjacent neurons, glands or muscles?

A

It releases chemical signals into the space between it and the receptors or dendrites of neighboring cells

55
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

When the axons of some neurons are enclosed in a fatty insulating layer

56
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Protects myelinated neurons and speeds the rate of nerve impulse transmission

57
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

A type of glial cells

58
Q

How do Schwann cells form a myelin sheath?

A

By wrapping themselves around the axon

59
Q

What forms white matter in the central nervous system?

A

Myelinated neurons

60
Q

What forms grey matte in the central nervous system?

A

Unmyelinated neurons

61
Q

How are neurons able to create an electrical impulse?

A

By using the voltage difference from the inside and outside of the neuron

62
Q

How is nerve conduction different from a wire?

A

Nerve conduction is considerably slower and more complex. It depends on the movement of ions across the membrane of the axon

63
Q

Which side of a resting neuron is negative?

A

The cytoplasmic side of the membrane

64
Q

What is a form of potential energy or membrane potential in a neuron?

A

The charge separation of the inside and the outside of the neuron

65
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

the potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron

66
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of most unstimulated neurons?

A

-70mV

67
Q

What is polarization?

A

The process of generating a resting membrane potential of -70mV

68
Q

What causes resting neurons to be negative on the inside?

A

Large protein molecules that are negative are present in the inside of the neuron. they are too large so they are unable to pass the membrane

69
Q

What is the most important contributor to the separation charge and the resulting electrical potential difference?

A

The sodium-potassium exchange pump

70
Q

What does the sodium potassium exchange pump do?

A

Uses the energy of ATP to transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

71
Q

What is the result of the sodium potassium exchange pump?

A

Positive charge accumulates outside the cell

72
Q

What are the steps in the sodium potassium exchange pump?

A

A carrier protein allow 3 Na+. The ATP splits and the Na+ is allowed to exit the cell.
The carrier protein then takes in 2K+, the phosphate group then removes itself from the carrier protein and the 2K+ are allowed to enter the cell

73
Q

Where do action potentials occur in myelinated neurons?

A

At the nodes of Ranvier

74
Q

When is neuronal membrane said to be depolarized?

A

If the transmembrane potential is reduced to less than the resting potential of -70mV

75
Q

What occurs if the membrane at the node of Ranvier become depolarized to -55mV?

A

A dramatic change in the membrane called action potential

76
Q

Why is action potential called an all or none event?

A

Because depolarization to between -70mV and -55mV has no effect

77
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

-55mV because that is when an event occurs

78
Q

What happens when the transmembrane potential at the node of ranvier reaches threshold?

A

Special structures in the membrane called voltage -gated sodium channels open and make the membrane permeable to sodium ions.

79
Q

why do sodium ions rush into the axon when the voltage gated sodium channels open?

A

Because of the concentration gradient and potential difference

80
Q

What is the result of the sodium ions rushing into the axon?

A

The potential difference in the node of ranvier reached +35

81
Q

What happens when the potential difference in the node of ranvier reaches +35?

A

The sodium channels close and the voltage gated potassium ions open and the potassium ions move down their concentration gradient (towards the outside of the axon)

82
Q

What happens as the potassium ions move outside the axon?

A

The positive charge is carried out of the neuron and the axon become repolarized

83
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

When the brief period after the action potential when the neuron cannot be stimulated again

84
Q

What does nerve pulse consist of?

A

A series of action potentials

85
Q

How does one action potential stimulate another?

A

At the end of an action potential when sodium ions diffuse out, the neighboring nodes receive these sodium ions and reduce the net negative charge inside the axonal membrane. This causes depolarization to occur

86
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The conduction of an impulse along a myelinated neuron

87
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by?

A

The breakdown of the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of the central nervous system

88
Q

What happens as a result of the breakdown of the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis?

A

The neurons can no longer efficiently carry electrochemical signals between the brain and the body

89
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between 2 neurons or a neuron and and an effector

90
Q

What is neuromuscular junction?

A

A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

91
Q

What is the gap between neurons called?

A

A synaptic cleft

92
Q

What does the presynaptic neuron do?

A

Sends out information

93
Q

What does the postsynaptic neuron do?

A

Receives information

94
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Carry the neural signal from one neuron to another

95
Q

What is the first step in an impulse moving across a synapse?

A

When an action potential arrives at the end of a presynaptic neuron, the impulse causes sacs that contain neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane of the axon

96
Q

What are synaptic vessels?

A

The vessels that contain neurotransmitter molecules

97
Q

What happens when the synaptic vessels fuse with the membrane of the axon?

A

The sacs release their contents into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis and diffuse across the synapse to reach the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron. Or the cell membrane of the effector

98
Q

What happens once the neurotransmitters reach the postsynaptic membrane?

A

They ind to specific receptor proteins in the membrane and trigger ion specific channels to open. This depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane and if the threshold potential is reached initiates an action potential

99
Q

What are the two effects that neurotransmitters have on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

100
Q

What does it mean for the effects to be excitatory?

A

The neurotransmitters cause the receptor proteins to trigger the ion channels that open to allow positive ions, such as sodium to flow into the postsynaptic neuron. As a result becoming slightly depolarized

101
Q

What does it mean for the effects of neurotransmitters to be inhibitory?

A

The receptor will trigger potassium channels to open, allowing the potassium ions to flow out

102
Q

What is the result of potassium ions flowing out of a neuron?

A

A more negative transmembrane potential resulting in hyperpolarization

103
Q

What happens after a neurotransmitter has had its effect?

A

Enzymes break it down and inactivate it so that its components can be reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell

104
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter that crosses a neuromuscular junction

105
Q

What does Acetylcholine do?

A

Excites the muscle cell membrane, causing depolarization and contraction of the muscle fibre

106
Q

What is Cholinesterase?

A

An enzyme released in the synapse to breakdown Acetylcholine

107
Q

How does Cholinesterase work?

A

It breaks down acetylcholine so that it can be removed from the protein receptors, thus allowing ion channels to close and the membrane to repolarize

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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