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Biology 30 > 16.1 The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

16.1 The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Why must a cell stop growing once it meets a certain size?

A

Because the cytoplasm grows at a faster rate than the cell membrane. So the cell membrane would not be able to meet the needs of the cell

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2
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The theory that living organisms could arise from non-living matter

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3
Q

Who was the first scientist to determine to propose an alternative to spontaneous generation?

A

Rudolph Virchow

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4
Q

What did Rudolph Virchow propose?

A

That new cells only arise from the division of other cells

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5
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

The life cycle of the cell

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6
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Body Cells

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7
Q

What does the variation of the life cycle of a somatic cell depend on?

A

Their type and environment

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8
Q

Which of the body cells are replaced frequently?

A

Blood cells and skin cells

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9
Q

Which of the body cells are not replaced frequently?

A

Nerve Cells. Some don’t even divide

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10
Q

What does the cell cycle of Somatic cells consist of?

A

A period of cell maintenance where the cell seems to be resting and a period where it divides

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11
Q

What is a single cell cycle defined as?

A

The sequence of events from one cell cycle to another

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12
Q

Why couldn’t scientists decifer how the division of cells work?

A

Because genetic material under the microscope appeared clear and they could not see specific structures

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13
Q

How were scientists able to isolate certain structures of cells?

A

By using clothing dye

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14
Q

Who came up with the method to use clothing dye?

A

Walter Flemming

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of a cell determined by?

A

Its genetic material

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16
Q

What is the central feature of the Cell Cycle?

A

The way genetic material is duplicated and passed from the parent cell to each new daughter cell

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17
Q

Where is the genetic information of a cell contained in?

A

Its DNA

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18
Q

What is DNA?

A

A molecule of nucleic acid that governs processes of heredity in the cells

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19
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In each chromosome of a cell

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20
Q

What is chromosome?

A

A length of DNA and its associated proteins

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21
Q

Where are chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleus

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22
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

The cells that make up Protists, Fungi, Plants and animals

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23
Q

What compacts all the DNA within a cell?

A

Highly specialized proteins known as Histones

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24
Q

What does the genetic material appear as during most of the cells life?

A

A mass of long intertwined strands known as chromatin

25
Q

What happens that causes the Chromatin to be visible?

A

The process of cellular division that causes the Chromatin to condense and be visible as distinct chromosomes

26
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The pinched in region in a condensed chromosome

27
Q

What is the organization of DNA?

A

First DNA molecules wind around Histones to form bead like structures. The bead like structure forms tightly packed arrays to produce strands of chromatin. Chromatin fibres form loops which are attached to a supporting protein scaffold. The scaffold further condense the genetic material into chromosomes

28
Q

What can the chromosomes be organized into?

A

22 pairs of homologous chromosomes known as autosomes

29
Q

What are Autosomes?

A

The 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes within a cell

30
Q

What is the last pair of cells not included with the Autosomes?

A

2 sex hormones that may or may not be a homologous pair

31
Q

What is a Homologous pair?

A

2 similar looking chromosomes

32
Q

What are the sex chromosomes called?

A

X and Y

33
Q

What are the labels of the Sex chromosomes if a person is female?

A

XX

34
Q

What are genes?

A

Areas of DNA that contain specific information?

35
Q

What do homologous chromosomes contain?

A

The same genes at the same location or locus

36
Q

What makes homologous pairs different from each other?

A

They carry different forms of the same gene (alleles)

37
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

38
Q

What is a Diploid?

A

A cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes

39
Q

What is the Diploid numbers in humans?

A

46 or 23 pairs

40
Q

What is a Haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains unpaired chromosomes

41
Q

What cells in the body are Haploid cells?

A

Human gametes

42
Q

What is the Haploid number of cells in humans?

A

23

43
Q

What is Polyploid?

A

When an organism has sets of more than two homologous chromosomes

44
Q

How do Autosomes 1 to 22 differ from each other?

A

They vary in overall length, location of their centromere and their staining property. But these characteristics are the same in Homologous pairs

45
Q

What is an individual’s Karyotype?

A

The particular set of chromosomes that an individual possess

46
Q

How do scientists prepare a karyotype?

A

Scientists collect a cell sample and use chemicals to stop the cell cycle when the chromosomes are most clearly visible then they stain them to help identify individual chromosomes

47
Q

What is the growth phase of a cell cycle called?

A

The interphase

48
Q

What happens during the interphase?

A

The cell carries out regular metabolic functions and prepares for its next division

49
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

50
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

The stage where the cell grows quickly

51
Q

What happens during the S Phase?

A

The DNA in chromatin replicates to create a second set of identical DNA

52
Q

What are Sister Chromatids?

A

During the S phase when the DNA in chromatin is copied and the chromatids are joined at the centromere

53
Q

Why is the S phase known as the S phase?

A

Because the S is known as Synthesis where the DNA is replicated

54
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Where the cell rebuilds its reserves of energy for the division since the duplication of DNA has consumed a great deal of energy

55
Q

What ends the Interphase?

A

Mitosis

56
Q

What are the 2 main processes in cell division?

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

57
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of the genetic material and the contents of the nucleus into two complete and seperate sets

58
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two seperate cells

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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