13.1 Glands and Hormones Flashcards
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream
What happens when hormones reach their target cells?
Their interaction with these cells sets in motion specific regulatory responses
How does insulin affect cells?
It make cell more permeable to glucose
What makes up the Endocrine system?
The endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete
What is different about the endocrine system than the nervous system?
The endocrine system has slower longer lasting effects and affects a broader range of cell types
Which nervous tissue secretes hormones?
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands
How does Epinephrine act in both the nervous system and endocrine system?
It acts as a neurotransmitter between certain neuron and is a hormone released by the adrenal glands during the fight or flight response
Why is it difficult to measure hormones?
Their concentration is very low and they are not released continually
What are the major glands?
Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal glands Pancreas Testes Ovaries
What happens when a hormone reaches its target cell?
Receptor proteins on the cell bind with the hormone and triggers a reaction within the cell
What type of hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete?
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
What effects do the hormones secreted by Hypothalamus have?
Regulates anterior pituitary hormones
What hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary?
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL)
What does the Human Growth Hormone do?
Stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth, and metabolic function
What does Thyroid-stimulating Hormone do?
Stimulates the thyroid gland
What does the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) do?
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
What does the Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) do?
Stimulates the production of ova and sperm from the ovaries and testes
What does the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do?
Stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes
What does Prolactin (PRL) do?
Stimulates milk production from the mammary glands
What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OCT)
What does the Antidiuretic hormone do?
Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys
What does Oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine muscle contraction and the release of milk by the mammary glands
What hormones are released by the thyroid?
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
What does Thyroxine do?
Affects all tissues
Increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development
What does Calcitonin do?
Targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from boned and reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
What hormone is released from the parathyroid?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What does the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?
Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating the bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium, and kidneys to reabsorb calcium
What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoides
Mineralocorticoides
Gonadocorticoides
What do Glucocorticoids do?
Stimulate tissues to raise blood glucose and breakdown protein
What do Mineralocorticoids do?
Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys
What do Gonadocorticoids do?
Promote secondary sexual characteristics
What hormones does the Adrenal Medulla release?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do?
Fight or flight hormones
raise blood glucose levels
What hormones does the Pancreas secrete?
Insulin and Glucagon
What does Insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver
What does Glucagon do?
Raises blood levels by converting glycogen to glucose
What hormones do the ovaries release?
Estrogen and Progesterone
What does Estrogen do?
Stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of female sexual characteristics
What does Progesterone do?
Promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions
What hormones do the Testes release?
Testosterone
What does Testosterone do?
Promotes sperm foundation and development of the male secondary sexual characteristics
What are hormones composed of?
Either lipids or amino acids
What can lipid based hormones do?
Easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
What can Amino acid hormones not do?
Diffuse across the cell membrane
How do Amino acid based hormones work?
They bind to proteins outside of the cell which starts reactions inside the cell
How does the Antidiuretic hormone work?
When blood becomes too concentrated, receptors in the hypothalamus detect this and send signals to the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH. This causes water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. This causes the concentration of the urine to increase. The hypothalamus detects this and sends a signal to the posterior pituitary to stop secreting ADH
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
A condition when ADH isn’t produced resulting in large volumes of urine and a loss of ions
What are many hormones released from the Anterior and Pituitary glands?
Tropic Hormones
What are Tropic Hormones?
Hormones that target other endocrine glands
