16.4 Reproductive Strategies Flashcards
What is Asexual Reproduction?
The reproductive process in which a parent organism produces genetically identical offspring
What does Sexual Reproduction involve?
The production of gametes by meiosis, followed by fertilization between genetically distinct parental gametes to produce genetically distinct offspring
Describe the chromosome of bacteria and other prokaryotes?
Bacteria and other Prokaryotes have a singular, circle chromosome and no nucleus
What form of cell division do Bacteria and other Prokaryotes undergo?
Binary Fission
What is the minimum amount of time that bacteria can divide in?
20 minutes
What is exponential growth?
The sequence of repeated growth in binary fission
What does exponential growth allow?
Bacteria to produce huge populations in a short amount of time
What is a downside to exponential growth?
Because the offspring are identical, if one is vulnerable to a toxin they all are vulnerable
What is another way that some bacteria are able to reproduce by?
A process called Conjugation
What is Conjugation?
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact through a bridging structure called a pilus
How does Binary Fission occur?
The circular chromosome attaches itself to the cell wall. As the new chromosome replicates, the new chromosome attaches to the cell wall. The cell elongates and the formation of a septum then separates the two chromosomes
What does Binary Fission result in?
Two completely identical daughter cells
What does Conjugation create?
Cells with new genetic combinations
How does Conjugation work?
One bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to another bacterium. The receiving bacterium then undergoes binary fission
What are some Eukaryotes that are able to undergo Binary Fission?
Algae and Fungi
What can Conjugation only take place between?
Non-identical bacterial cells
What does Conjugation result in?
A single genetically unique daughter cell that can undergo binary fission to create a new colony of cells
What is Budding?
A form of Asexual reproduction in which a complete miniature version of the parent grows out from the parents body. The new organism then separates to become an independent organism
What is Vegetative reproduction?
A form of asexual reproduction where a plant extends thin creeping stems that then creates roots and disintegrates the connecting stem
What is Fragmentation?
A form of asexual reproduction that involves the creation of new plants from a fragment of the parent plant
What is Parthenogenesis?
A form of Asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult ex. in honey bees
What is different about spores?
It’s asexual reproduction does not require offspring to develop close to the parent
What is a spore?
A structure that contains genetic material and cytoplasm surrounded by a protective sheath or wall that protects it until conditions are favourable
What generations does the lifecycle of plants consist of?
The haploid generation and the Diploid generation. This is called alteration of generations
