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Biology 30 > 16.4 Reproductive Strategies > Flashcards

16.4 Reproductive Strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

The reproductive process in which a parent organism produces genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

What does Sexual Reproduction involve?

A

The production of gametes by meiosis, followed by fertilization between genetically distinct parental gametes to produce genetically distinct offspring

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3
Q

Describe the chromosome of bacteria and other prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and other Prokaryotes have a singular, circle chromosome and no nucleus

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4
Q

What form of cell division do Bacteria and other Prokaryotes undergo?

A

Binary Fission

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5
Q

What is the minimum amount of time that bacteria can divide in?

A

20 minutes

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6
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

The sequence of repeated growth in binary fission

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7
Q

What does exponential growth allow?

A

Bacteria to produce huge populations in a short amount of time

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8
Q

What is a downside to exponential growth?

A

Because the offspring are identical, if one is vulnerable to a toxin they all are vulnerable

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9
Q

What is another way that some bacteria are able to reproduce by?

A

A process called Conjugation

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10
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by cell-to-cell contact through a bridging structure called a pilus

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11
Q

How does Binary Fission occur?

A

The circular chromosome attaches itself to the cell wall. As the new chromosome replicates, the new chromosome attaches to the cell wall. The cell elongates and the formation of a septum then separates the two chromosomes

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12
Q

What does Binary Fission result in?

A

Two completely identical daughter cells

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13
Q

What does Conjugation create?

A

Cells with new genetic combinations

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14
Q

How does Conjugation work?

A

One bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to another bacterium. The receiving bacterium then undergoes binary fission

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15
Q

What are some Eukaryotes that are able to undergo Binary Fission?

A

Algae and Fungi

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16
Q

What can Conjugation only take place between?

A

Non-identical bacterial cells

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17
Q

What does Conjugation result in?

A

A single genetically unique daughter cell that can undergo binary fission to create a new colony of cells

18
Q

What is Budding?

A

A form of Asexual reproduction in which a complete miniature version of the parent grows out from the parents body. The new organism then separates to become an independent organism

19
Q

What is Vegetative reproduction?

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a plant extends thin creeping stems that then creates roots and disintegrates the connecting stem

20
Q

What is Fragmentation?

A

A form of asexual reproduction that involves the creation of new plants from a fragment of the parent plant

21
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

A form of Asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult ex. in honey bees

22
Q

What is different about spores?

A

It’s asexual reproduction does not require offspring to develop close to the parent

23
Q

What is a spore?

A

A structure that contains genetic material and cytoplasm surrounded by a protective sheath or wall that protects it until conditions are favourable

24
Q

What generations does the lifecycle of plants consist of?

A

The haploid generation and the Diploid generation. This is called alteration of generations

25
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

The diploid generation of a plant

26
Q

How do Sporophytes create haploid spores?

A

By meiosis

27
Q

What does each Haploid spore grow into?

A

A plant body known as a gametophyte (still haploid)

28
Q

What do Gametophytes do?

A

Produce male and female gametes

29
Q

What do the male and female gametes produced by the Gametophytes do?

A

Fuse and develop into a sporophyte

30
Q

What is the dominant generation in vascular plants?

A

The diploid sporophyte

31
Q

What is the dominant generation in non-vascular plants?

A

The haploid Gametophyte

32
Q

What is the leafy green mat in mosses?

A

The gametophyte

33
Q

What is the stalk that grows from the mosses?

A

The sporophyte

34
Q

What are the Haploid gametophytes in conifers?

A

The microscopic structures within the male and female cones that are produced by the tree

35
Q

Where is the female gametophyte produced in a cone?

A

The top of the female cone that produces female spores

36
Q

Where is the male Gametophyte produced in conifers?

A

It is produced by a structure found on the male cone

37
Q

What does the male cone release in conifers?

A

They release pollen that is dispersed by the wind tht fertilize female cones

38
Q

What does the term alternation of generations refer to?

A

The alternation of Haploid and Diploid generations

39
Q

What are the two distinct adult forms that characterizes animals that reproduce sexually and asexually?

A

Non-motile polyp and free swimming medusa

40
Q

What are the 3 advantages to Sexual reproduction?

A
  • Some offspring have greater ability to adapt to a changing environment and resist parasites or toxins
  • Competition amongst siblings may be reduced if they are genetically diverse
  • Pairing and the crossover of homologous chromosomes give opportunity to replace or repair damaged chromosomes
41
Q

What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • Asexual reproduction often happens quicker that sexual reproduction and does not require a second parent
  • Asexual reproduction usually requires less energy than sexual reproduction
  • Many forms of sexual reproduction help to maximize the chances that the offspring will survive by not separating until it is capable of independent survival

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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