Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 > 16.3 The Formation of Gametes > Flashcards

16.3 The Formation of Gametes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two key outcomes of Meiosis?

A

Reduction Division

Recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Reduction Division?

A

When cell division produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is recombination?

A

When the products of meiosis have different combinations of genes that give rise to genetic offspring that are genetically distinct from one another and their parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the phases of Meiosis I?

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Gamete producing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What phase do gamete producing cells undergo that is the same of body cells?

A

The interphase and Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the interphase?

A

A period of growth and synthesis that occurs before meiosis begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a germ cell contain at the start of meiosis?

A

Duplicated chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do duplicated chromosomes consist of?

A

2 sister chromatids that are joined together at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in the Prophase I of Meiosis?

A

Each pair of homologous chromosomes align side by side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Synapsis?

A

The alignment of homologous chromosomes in the Prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are not identical but contain the same genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name for the pairs of chromosomes that align during the Prophase I?

A

A tetrad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Tetrad?

A

The four chromatids that align with each other during the Prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Tetrad made up of?

A

A pair of sister chromatids synapsed with another pair of sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

Two homologous but non-identical chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens is the Metaphase I?

A

A spindle fiber attaches to the centromere of each chromosome. A spindle fibre from each pole attaches to opposite pairs of sister chromatids in the tetrad and guid each tetrad to the equator of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens after each Tetrad is guided to the equator in the Metaphase I?

A

The chromosomes line up as homologous pairs so that in each pair one homologous chromosome is positioned on either side of the cell’s equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during Anaphase I?

A

The spindle fibres shorten which causes the homologous chromosomes to separate from one another to opposite poles. This results in each chromosome (made of 2 sister chromatids) from each homologous pair move to each pole of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during Telophase I?

A

The homologous chromosomes begin to uncoil and the spindle fibres disappear and the cytoplasm is divided and the nuclear membrane forms around each group of homologous chromosomes. Two cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the two new cells formed at the beginning of Telophase I contain?

A

One set of sister chromatids and is known as a haploid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during Meiosis II?

A

The cell proceeds through Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the result at the end of Meiosis II?

A

The daughter cells are haploid but contain single unreplicated chromosomes

24
Q

What is the outcome of Meiosis?

A

The formation of genetically distinct distinct haploid gametes

25
Q

What are the 2 ways that genetic variation is ensured?

A

By the creation of Gametes that that carry different variations of maternal and paternal chromosomes and by the exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes

26
Q

How does independent assortment take place?

A

During Metaphase I when chromosomes are arranged in a line next to their homologous pair, some maternal chromosomes are facing one way and some paternal chromosomes are facing the same or opposite way which results in variation

27
Q

What is Crossing over?

A

When during Prophase I, homologous pairs exchange genetic information from their chromosomes

28
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes or chromatids do not separate as they should during Meiosis?

29
Q

Where does Nondisjunction occur?

A

At Anaphase I and II of Meiosis

30
Q

How does nondisjunction occur in Anaphase I?

A

When homologous pairs are not separated to opposite pole and one pair is pulled toward the same pole together

31
Q

How does nondisjunction occur in Anaphase II?

A

When sister chromatids do not separate to opposite poles and both sister chromatids are pulled toward the same pole together

32
Q

What happens as a result of nondisjunction?

A

It produces gametes that have either too few or too many chromosomes

33
Q

What is Monosomy?

A

When a chromosome is lost due to nondisjunction. So a Gamete is missing on chromosome of a homologous pair

34
Q

What is Trisomy?

A

The gain of an extra chromosome

35
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

Haploid Gametes

36
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenesis

37
Q

What is the process of egg production called?

A

Oogenesis

38
Q

What does the process of spermatogenesis begin with?

A

A diploid germ cell called a spermatagomium

39
Q

What is a spermatogonium?

A

The diploid cell that spermatogenesis begins with

40
Q

What stimulates the Spermatogonium to divide?

A

Puperty

41
Q

How does the spermatogonia divide?

A

First it divide by Mitosis to form 2 daughter cells, one of which becomes a spermatogonium and the other becomes the primary spermatocyte

42
Q

How does the Primary Spermatocytes divide?

A

It undergoes Meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes then undergo Meiosis II to form spermtids

43
Q

What are Spermatids?

A

The end process of Spermtogenesis

44
Q

What happens after a spermatid is produced?

A

The nucleus and certain enzymes are arranged into a head region and the parts of the sperm develop

45
Q

What does Oogenesis begin with?

A

A diploid germ cell called oogonium.

46
Q

How does each Oogonium divide?

A

It undergoes mitosis to form two primary oocytes. This occurs before a baby is born

47
Q

How long do the Primary Oocytes last?

A

Until puberty

48
Q

What happens every month after puberty?

A

One primary oocyte undergoes meiosis

49
Q

What is different between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis?

A

Oogenesis involves unequal division of the cytoplasm called asymmetrical cytokinesis

50
Q

What happens as a result of asymmetrical cytokinesis?

A

Because the cytoplasm is not equally divided at the end of Meiosis I, the cell that receives most of the cytoplasm called the secondary oocyte and the other cell is called the first polar body

51
Q

What happens to the first polar body?

A

The first polar body may or may not go to through a second division but they cells degenerate anyways

52
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

It undergoes meiosis II and the cell that contains the most cytoplasm will become a mature egg. The second polar body degenerates

53
Q

How many gametes are produced from Oogenesis?

A

1

54
Q

How many years separates Meiosis I and Meiosis II in women?

A

About 10 years

55
Q

What state is the primary oocytes suspended in?

A

Prophase I until puberty. Hormones signal one oocyte to continue a month

56
Q

Where is the secondary oocyte suspended at?

A

Metaphase II until it comes into contact with sperm

Biology 30 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions