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Biology 30 > 13.3 Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

13.3 Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys

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2
Q

What is the inner layer of the Adrenal glands?

A

The Adrenal Medulla

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of the Adrenal glands called?

A

The Adrenal Cortex

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4
Q

Which hormones does the Adrenal Medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norephrine

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5
Q

What do Epinephrine and Norephrine regulate?

A

The Short Term Stress response aka Fight or Flight

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6
Q

Why is the Adrenal Medulla known as a neuroendocrine structure?

A

Because in developing embryo’s, sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla are made of nervous system tissue

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7
Q

What initiates the Adrenal Medulla to start releasing hormones?

A

In response to a stressor. neurons of the sympathetic system carry a signal from the hypothalamus directly to the adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What do Epinephrine and Norephrine do?

A

Increase breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the heart and muscles, and the conversion from glycogen to glucose in the liver. Pupils dilate and blood flow to extremities decreases

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9
Q

Why is the release of Epinephrine and Norephrine so rapid?

A

Because it is under nervous system control

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10
Q

How long do the effects of Epinephrine and Norephrine stay in comparison with effects of the nervous system?

A

About 10 times longer

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11
Q

What do the hormones released by Adrenal cortex trigger?

A

The long term stress response

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12
Q

What hormones are released by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids

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13
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

Increase blood sugar

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14
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A

Increase blood pressure

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15
Q

What are Gonadocorticoids?

A

Female and Male sex hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex that supplement the hormones produced by the gonads

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16
Q

What category does Cortisol fall under?

A

Glucocorticoids

17
Q

What is Cortisol produced by?

A

The Adrenal Cortex

18
Q

What is Cortisol?

A

A steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol

19
Q

What happens in the Hypothalamus when the brain detects danger?

A

The hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone, the releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

20
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Targets the adrenal cortex which releases the stress hormone cortisol

21
Q

What is the main function of Cortisol?

A

To raise blood glucose levels

22
Q

How does Cortisol raise blood glucose levels?

A

It promotes the breakdown of muscle protein into amino acids which are taken out of the blood by the liver where they are used to make glucose

23
Q

What causes negative feedback in the long term stress response?

A

Increased cortisol levels in the blood cause negative feedback in the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary which stops CTH production and stops the release of cortisol

24
Q

What can be a side effect of Cortisol?

A

Chronic Stress, impaired thinking, damage to the heart, HBP, diabetes and susceptibility to infections

25
Q

Why does increased Cortisol lead to susceptibility of infection?

A

One of the ways the body fights infection is by inflammation, cortisol is a natural anti-inflammatory

26
Q

What is the main Mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

27
Q

What does Aldosterone do in the kidneys?

A

It stimulates the distal tubules to increase absorption of sodium into the bloodstream which absorbs more water into the bloodstream which increases blood pressure

28
Q

What disease could happen if the adrenal cortex is damaged?

A

Addison’s disease

29
Q

What happens in Addison’s disease?

A

The body secretes inadequate amounts of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

30
Q

What happens as a result to Addison’s disease?

A

Low blood sugar, sodium and potassium imbalances, weight loss

31
Q

What does Low Aldosterone result in?

A

Loss of sodium and water from the blood

32
Q

How is Addison’s disease treated?

A

Injections of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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