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Biology 30 > 12.2 Photo Reception > Flashcards

12.2 Photo Reception Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

External
Intermediate
Internal

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2
Q

What is the the for the external layer of the eye?

A

Sclera

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3
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The white, tough, fibrous, external layer of the eye

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4
Q

Where does light enter the eye?

A

Through the cornea

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5
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

The transparent part of the Sclera at the front of the eye

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6
Q

What is the intermediate layer of the eye called?

A

The Choroid

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7
Q

What does the Choroid do?

A

Absorbs stray light rays that are not detected by photoreceptors. also contains blood vessels to nourish the eye

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8
Q

What does the Choroid form toward the front of the eye?

A

the Iris

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9
Q

What does the Choroid do behind the Iris?

A

The Choroid thickends and forms the ciliary muscles

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10
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do?

A

Attaches to the lens which focuses images on the retina

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11
Q

What is the internal layer of the eye called?

A

The Retina

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12
Q

What is the Retina?

A

A thin layer of tissue that contains photoreceptors- Rods and cones

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13
Q

What are Rods sensitive to?

A

Light intensity

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14
Q

What are Cones sensitive to?

A

Different colors

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15
Q

Where are the Cones found?

A

Packed more densely at the back of the eye called Fovea Centralis

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16
Q

How do Rods and Cones send sensory impulses?

A

Through the Optic Nerve

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17
Q

What does the lens do to the eye?

A

Divides the eye into 2 chambers

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18
Q

What is the Anterior chamber?

A

The front of the lens

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19
Q

What is the Posterior Chamber?

A

The back of the lens

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20
Q

What is found in the Anterior Chamber?

A

A clear watery fluid called the Aqueous Humour

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21
Q

What does the Aqueous Humor do in Anterior Chamber?

A

Maintains cell shape of the cornea and provides oxygen and nutrients to the surrounding cells including the lens and cornea

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22
Q

What happens if the ducts that empty out the Aqueous humor are clogged?

A

Pressure can build up in the eye causing the delicate blood vessels to rupture leading to glaucoma, which leads to blindness

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23
Q

What is the Posterior Chamber surrounded by?

A

The Retina

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24
Q

What does the Posterior Chamber contain?

A

Clear jelly like fluid called Vitreous Humor

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25
Q

What does the Vitreous Humor do?

A

Helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball and supports the surrounding cells

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26
Q

What does the external layer contain?

A

The Cornea

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27
Q

What does the Intermediate layer contain?

A

Sides and back of Choroid
Iris
Pupil
Ciliary Muscles

28
Q

What does the Internal layer contain?

A

Rods
Cones
Fovea Centralis

29
Q

What does the Sclera do?

A

Protects and supports the eyeball

30
Q

What does the Cornea do?

A

Bends light rays into the eye

31
Q

What does the Choroid do?

A

Absorbs scattered light and contain blood vessels

32
Q

What does the Iris do?

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

33
Q

What is the Pupil?

A

The opening for light to enter the eye

34
Q

What do the Ciliary muscles do?

A

Changes the shape of the lens in order to focus

35
Q

What are Rods?

A

Photoreceptors that are sensitive to light

36
Q

What are Cones?

A

Photoreceptors that are sensitive to color

37
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focusses light rays onto the Fovea Centralis

38
Q

What do the Humours do?

A

Support the eyeball with the pressure of fluids they contain

39
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Transmits sensory information to the brain

40
Q

How is the image that is protected on the Fovea Centralis different than the actual object?

A

The image is smaller, upside down, and reversed from left to right

41
Q

How do the Ciliary muscles act when the object is far away?

A

The ciliary muscles relax and suspensory ligaments become taut causing the lens to flatten

42
Q

How do the Ciliary muscles act when an object is nearby?

A

The Ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments relax causing the lens to become rounded

43
Q

What is accomodation in the eye?

A

The ability of a lens to change shape in order to focus images clearly on the retina

44
Q

What is Cataracts?

A

When the protein structure in the lens starts to degenerate making it opaque and unable to have light pass through

45
Q

What is Astigmatism?

A

An uneven curvature on part of the cornea so it can not bend light rays so they meet the correct focal point

46
Q

What is Myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

47
Q

What is different in people with Myopia?

A

They eyeball is elongated so focussed light falls in front of the retina

48
Q

How is Myopia fixed?

A

Concave lenses

49
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

50
Q

What happens in Hyperopia?

A

The eyeball is short so light rays do not meet before they reach the retina

51
Q

What can fix Hyperopia?

A

Convex lenses

52
Q

Which photoreceptor responsible for Peripheral vision?

A

Rods

53
Q

Why does Peripheral vision lack color?

A

Due to the location of the Fovea Centralis and where the cones are

54
Q

What allows us to read?

A

Cones

55
Q

What is different about the 3 types of cones?

A

They each absorb a different wavelength of light

56
Q

What is color blindness caused by?

A

Lack or deficiency of a type of cones

57
Q

What do Rods contain?

A

A light absorbing pigment called rhodopsin which is composed of retinal and the protein opsin

58
Q

What do Rods release in the dark?

A

An inhibitory transmitter that inhibits nearby nerve cells

59
Q

What happens when Rods absorb light?

A

Rhodopsin splits into retinal Opsin. which stops the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter allowing a transmission of the nerve impulse to the optic nerve

60
Q

What happens when light stimulates the rods and cones?

A

They stop releasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter into the synapse

61
Q

What happens when rods and cones stop releasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter into the synapse?

A

Bipolar cells then transfer a neural impulse to the ganglion cells. The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve. An transmit the image to the occipital lobe of the brain

62
Q

Why is there a blind spot?

A

Because this is where the ganglion cells merge to form the optic nerve

63
Q

Why don’t we normally see the blind spot?

A

Because each eye compensates for the visual information that the other misses

64
Q

Where is visual information processed?

A

The Cerebrum

65
Q

What happens in diabetic retinoplasty?

A

Capillaries in the retina burst spilling blood into the vitreous fluid and the retina

66
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

When the retina becomes detached from the Choroid vessels that supply it with nutrients and oxygen

67
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

When the cones are destroyed due to thickened choroid vessels. Resulting in a blind spot of central vision

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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