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Biology 30 > 11.2 The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

11.2 The Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What can damage to the central nervous system affect?

A

Temperament, motor control, and homeostasis

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2
Q

Why is Grey matter grey?

A

Because it contains mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and short, unmyelinated axons

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3
Q

Where is Grey matter found?

A

Around the outside areas of the brain and forms the H-shaped core around the spinal cord

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4
Q

Why is White matter white?

A

Because it contain myelinated axons that run together in tracts

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5
Q

What does white matter form?

A

The inner region of some areas of the brain and the outer area of the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A column of nerve tissue that extends out of the skull from the brain and downward through a canal within the backbone

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7
Q

What is the outer core of the spinal cord made of?

A

White matter of myelinated nerve fibres

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8
Q

What is the inner butterfly shaped core of the spinal cord made of?

A

Grey matter which is made of unmylinated neurons

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9
Q

What are the tissues of the spinal cord protected by?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
Soft tissue layers
The spinal column
Vertebrae

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10
Q

What are the 3 general regions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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11
Q

What are the Meninges?

A

Three layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column that directly enclose the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Describe the Cerebellum and its location

A

A walnut shaped structure located below and to the back of the cerebrum

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13
Q

Where does Cerebellum come from?

A

Latin for little brain

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14
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

Unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements, as well as fine voluntary motor skills

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15
Q

Where does the Cerebellum receive information from?

A

Specialized sensors called proprioceptors, located within the skeletal muscles and joints

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16
Q

Describe the Medulla Oblongata and its location?

A

It sits at the base of the brain stem where it connects the brain with the spinal cord

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17
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A

Contains centers that control autonomic and involuntary responses

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18
Q

What are some things that the Medulla Oblongata regulates?

A

Heart rate, constriction and dilation of blood vessels, the rate and depth of breathing, swallowing, and coughing

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19
Q

Where is the Pons found?

A

Above and in front of the Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

What does the Pons do?

A

Serves as a relay centre between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain

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21
Q

Where is the Midbrain found?

A

Above the pons in the Brainstem

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the Midbrain?

A

It relays auditory and visual information between the areas of the hindbrain and the forebrain.
Also plays an important role in eye movement and control of the skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Where does the Thalamus sit?

A

At the base of the forebrain

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the Thalamus?

A

It consists of neurons that make connections between the forebrain and the hindbrain. And areas of the sensory system

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25
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus?

A

Just below the Thalamus

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the Hypothalamus?

A

Helps to regulate the body’s internal environment as well as certain aspects of behavior

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27
Q

What does the Hypothalamus contain?

A

Neurons that control blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and basic drives such as thirst and hunger, and emotions

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28
Q

How can brain damage or a tumor affect the hypothalamus?

A

It can cause the person to display unusual or violent behavior

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29
Q

What is the Hypothalamus a major link between?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems?

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30
Q

How does the Hypothalamus coordinate the actions of the Pituitary gland?

A

By producing and regulating the release of certain hormones

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31
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The Cerebrum

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32
Q

What is the Cerebrum divided into?

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

What does the Cerebrum contain?

A

Centers for intellect, memory, consciousness, and language

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34
Q

What does the Cerebrum do?

A

Interprets and controls the response to sensory information

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35
Q

What are the parts of the Hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Pon

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36
Q

What ae the Parts of the Forebrain?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum

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37
Q

How does the Meninges protect the Central Nervous system?

A

By preventing the direct circulation of blood through the cells of the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What is the Blood-brain Barrier?

A

The separation of blood and the central nervous system by the meninges

39
Q

How did scientists discover the Blood-brain barrier?

A

When they injected blue dye into the blood of an animal and all the organs turned blue except for the brain and spinal cord

40
Q

What percentage of oxygen does the body require?

A

20%

41
Q

What does the Blood-brain barrier do?

A

Protects and supplies the brain with nutrients and oxygen

42
Q

What are the capillaries that lead to the brain made of?

A

Tightly fused epithelial cells

43
Q

What do the capillaries leading to the brain form?

A

A barrier that blocks many toxins and infectious agents

44
Q

Why do some chemicals have such rapid effects on the brain?

A

Because they are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane and are lipid soluble

45
Q

What circulates between the spaces of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

What is the total volume of Cerebrospinal fluid?

A

150mL at any given time

47
Q

How often is the Cerebrospinal fluid replaced each day?

A

4 times a day

48
Q

What does the Cerebrospinal fluid transports?

A

Hormones, WBCs and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier

49
Q

Where does the Cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

A

Between two layers of the meninges: the Arachnoid and Pia Mater

50
Q

What acts as a shock absorber cushion to the brain?

A

The Cerebrospinal fluid that circulates through the Arachnoid and Pia Mater

51
Q

What is the internal mass within the Cerebrum?

A

White matter

52
Q

What is the thin outer covering of grey matter on the Cerebrum?

A

The Cerebral Cortex

53
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex responsible for?

A 
Language
Memory
Personality
Vision
Conscious thought
54
Q

How thick is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

5mm thick

55
Q

What are the right and left halves of the Cerebrum called?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

56
Q

What are the Cerebral hemispheres linked by?

A

A bundle of white matter called the corpus callosum

57
Q

What does the Corpus Callosum do?

A

It sends messages from one cerebral hemisphere to the other, telling each half of the brain what the other side is doing

58
Q

What is sometimes used to treat epilepsy?

A

Surgical isolation of the hemispheres of the Cerebrum

59
Q

What is epilepsy caused by?

A

An overload of neurological activities

60
Q

What is the right brain associated with?

A

Holistic, intuitive thinking, visual spatial skills, and artistic abilities

61
Q

What is the left brain associated with?

A

Logical ways of thinking, and linguistic and mathematical skills

62
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

63
Q

What does the Occipital lobe of the Cerebral Cortex do?

A

Receive and analyze visual information

64
Q

What happens if the Occipital lobe is stimulated by surgery or trauma?

A

The individual will see light

65
Q

What is the Occipital lobes needed for?

A

Recognition of what is being seen

66
Q

What can damage to the Occipital lobe result in?

A

A person being able to see objects but not recognize them

67
Q

What is the main function of the Temporal lobes? What is it linked to?

A

Auditory reception, they are also linked to understanding speech a receiving visual and verbal memories

68
Q

What do the Parietal lobes do?

A

Receive and process sensory information from the skin

And help to process info about the body’s position and orientation

69
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of sensory receptors?

A

The face, hands, and genitals

70
Q

What are the frontal lobes names for?

A

Their location at the front of the Cerebrum

71
Q

What do the frontal lobes do?

A

Integrate information from other parts of the brain

72
Q

What do the frontal lobes control?

A

Reasoning, critical thinking, memory and personality

73
Q

What is the Broca’s area of the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Language use

74
Q

What do the frontal lobes contain?

A

Motor areas that control various aspects of precise , voluntary motor movement. ex. Playing the piano

75
Q

What is the major function of the cerebellum?

A

Control muscle coordination and balance

76
Q

What is the major function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Controls subconscious activities ex. Heart rate, BP, breathing

77
Q

What is the major function of the Pons?

A

Relays information between the cerebellum and the Cerebral Cortex

78
Q

What are the major functions of the Midbrain?

A

Receives specific sensory input

Connects the hindbrain to the forebrain

79
Q

What are the major functions of the Thalamus?

A

Connects various parts of the brain

Relays information from the senses

80
Q

What are the major functions of the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the pituitary gland, HR, BP, and temperature, drives hunger, thirst and sexual desire

81
Q

What are the frontal lobes associated with?

A

Conscious though, intelligence, memory, and personality. Controls voluntary muscle movements

82
Q

What are the Temporal lobes involved in?

A

Auditory reception

83
Q

What is the main function of the Parietal lobes?

A

Receive sensory information from the skin, and process information about body position

84
Q

What is the main function of the occipital lobes?

A

Processing visual information

85
Q

What is the main function of the Corpus Callosum?

A

Connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres through nerve tracts

86
Q

What does the process of speech involve?

A

Several areas of the Cerebellum

87
Q

What two areas in the Cerebellum does speech involve?

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

88
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Coordinates the muscles for speaking and translates thought into speech

89
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area do?

A

Results in the inability to speak

90
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Stores the information involved in language comprehension

91
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

A patient receives a dose of radioactive glucose and consumption in the brain is monitored

92
Q

How does an MRI work?

A

A giant magnet surrounds a person’s head and produces detailed images of the brain

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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