Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 > 18.1 DNA Structure and Replication > Flashcards

18.1 DNA Structure and Replication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who coined the term Nucleic Acid?

A

Friedrich Meischer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

A

The nucleic molecule that governs the process of heredity in all plant and animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?

A

A nucleic acid that plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Levene prove about chromosomes?

A

That they were made up of DNA and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What experiment did Frederick Griffith conduct?

A

In order to study the bacteria responsible for pneumonia, he injected live and non-live bacteria into mice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were the results of Frederick Griffith’s experiment?

A

The dead pathogenic bacteria some had somehow passed on their disease-causing properties to live, non-pathogenic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Transforming Principle?

A

Discovered y Frederick, the ability of dead pathogenic bacteria to pass on their disease-causing properties to live, non-pathogenic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What provided evidence that DNA played a role in the transformation principle?

A

When they treated the heat-killed pathogenic bacteria with a protein destroying agent, the transformation still occurred. When they treated the heat-killed pathogenic bacteria with a DNA destroying agent, the transformation did not occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How did Martha Clause show that genes are made of DNA?

A

She used a virus that consists of a protein coat surrounding the length of DNA. The virus injects its genetic information in the cell. They labelled the protein coat using radioactive sulfur and the DNA with radioactive phosphorus. It then showed that Viral DNA and not viral protein enters the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

The individual units that make up the long chains of DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is each DNA Nucleotide composed?

A

A five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 5 nitrogen containing bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen containing bases found in DNA nucleotides?

A

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What nitrogen containing base does RNA nucleotides contain?

A

Uracil (U) instead of thymine. But the rest are all the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Nucleic Acids made of?

A

Long Chains of Nucleotides strung together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

The idea that Guanine and Cytosine are present in equal amounts. And Adenine and Thymine are present in equal amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Franklin determine about DNA through X-ray photography?

A

DNA has a helical structure with two regularly repeating patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the inside and outside portions of DNA made of?

A

The nitrogenous bases are located on the inside and the sugar phosphate backbone is located on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who published a paper describing the double helix model?

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What remains constant in a DNA molecule?

A

The distance between the sugar phosphate handrail even the nitrogenous bases are different sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Adenine and Guanine derived from?

A

A family of compounds known as purines which have a double ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Thymine and Cytosine derived from?

A

Pyrimidines which have a single ring structure

22
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A-T and C-G

23
Q

What are the complementary base pairs held together by?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

24
Q

What does Antiparallel mean in terms of DNA?

A

The phosphate bridges run in opposite directions in the two strands

25
Q

Where are DNA and RNA found?

A

In most bacteria and the Nuclei of most Eukaryotic cells

26
Q

What are the 3 structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • The sugar component of RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose
  • RNA does not have the nucleotide Thymine, instead it has Uracil
  • RNA is single stranded, although a single strand can sometimes fold back on itself to produce regions of complementary base pairs
27
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A functional sub-unit of DNA that directs the production of one or more polypeptides (protein molecules)

28
Q

What is the Genome of an organism?

A

The sum of all the DNA that is carried in each cell of the organism

29
Q

What is replication?

A

The process of creating an exact copy of a molecule of DNA

30
Q

What does it mean that DNA replication is Semi-conservative?

A

It means that each new molecule of DNA contains one strand of the original complementary DNA molecule and one new parent strand

31
Q

What is the Replication Origin?

A

A specific nucleotide sequence that replication starts at. There can be many spots on a DNA where this occurs

32
Q

What are Helicases and what do they do?

A

They are a group of enzymes that bind to DNA at the replication origin creating y shaped areas of separated nucleotides

33
Q

What is the Replication Bubble?

A

The opened up, seperated, region of DNA that the Helicase creates

34
Q

What is the Replication fork?

A

Two unwound strands of DNA that branch into unpaired (but complementary) single strands

35
Q

What serves as templates for the new strands of DNA?

A

The unwound strands of DNA at the replication fork

36
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Inserts into the replication bubble and begins to add nucleotides

37
Q

What is elongation?

A

The process of joining nucleotides to extend a new strand of DNA

38
Q

Where does DNA polymerase attach new nucleotides?

A

To the free 3’ end of an existing chain

39
Q

What are the two conditions for elongation?

A

It can only take place in the 5’ to 3’ direction and a short strand of RNA known as primer must serve as a starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides

40
Q

What is the RNA primer?

A

A short strnad that serves as a starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides

41
Q

What is the Leading strand?

A

The strand that is replicated continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction

42
Q

What is the Lagging strand?

A

The strand of DNA that is replicated in short segments in the 5’ to 3’ direction

43
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

The DNA that gets replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction but in short segments

44
Q

What does DNA Ligase do?

A

Splices together the Okazaki fragments

45
Q

What is needed to construct the RNA Primer?

A

An enzyme called Primase

46
Q

What happens one the Primer is in place?

A

DNA polymerase extends each fragment by adding new nucleotides and it also removes the RNA primer by eliminating the nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction and fills in the space by extending the neighboring DNA strands

47
Q

What is another important function of DNA polymerase?

A

It proofreads by recognizing whether a hydrogen bond is taking place and between the new base and its complement on the original strand. If there is no hydrogen bond, there is a mismatch between bases

48
Q

What is the replication machine?

A

The complex of polypeptides and DNA that interact act the replication fork

49
Q

What is Termination?

A

The completion of the new DNA strands and the dismantling if the replication machine

50
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

The process of identifying the precise nucleotide sequence in a DNA fragment

51
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

A monumental effort to sequence the entire human Genome

Biology 30 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions