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Biology 30 > 12.3 Mechanoreception and Chemoreception > Flashcards

12.3 Mechanoreception and Chemoreception Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors in the ear do?

A

Convert the energy of sound waves into electrochemical energy

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2
Q

What are the major divisions of the ear?

A

Outer ear, Middle ear, inner ear

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3
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

The Pinna and auditory canal

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4
Q

What is the Pinna?

A

The outside flap of the ear made of skin and cartilage

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5
Q

Why is the Pinna shaped the way it is?

A

To enhance sound vibrations and focus them in the ear

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6
Q

What is the Auditory Canal?

A

A 2.5 cm long tube that leads to the eardrum in the middle ear

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7
Q

What does the Auditory Canal do?

A

Amplifies sound waves

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8
Q

What do the hairs and glands in Auditory Canal do?

A

Prevent dust, insects, bacteria, and foreign particles from proceeding deeper into the ear

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9
Q

What is the Middle ear?

A

An air filled space that is bordered on one side by the tympanum

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10
Q

What is the Tympanum?

A

A round elastic structure that vibrates in response to sound waves

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11
Q

What happens when sound waves push the Tympanum?

A

It vibrations are passed on an amplified by the neighboring Ossicles

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12
Q

What are the Ossicles?

A

Three tiny interconnected bones in the middle ear

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13
Q

What does each bone in the Ossicles act like?

A

A lever for the next. So as vibrations pass from each bone to the next, they are amplified

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14
Q

What are the bones of the Ossicles?

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

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15
Q

What does the Stapes do?

A

Concentrates vibrations into a membrane covered wall of the inner ear, called the oval window

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16
Q

What does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

Connects the middle ear to the throat

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

A

Allows air pressure to equalize when there is a difference in air pressure

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18
Q

What does the Inner ear consist of?

A

The semicircular canals, vestibule, and the cochlea

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19
Q

What do the Semicircular canals and vestibules contain?

A

Sensors for balance

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20
Q

What is the Cochlea used for?

A

Hearing

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21
Q

What happens in the Cochlea?

A

Mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical impulses that are transmitted to the brain

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22
Q

What does the middle chamber of the ear contain?

A

The organ of Corti

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23
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

The Organ of hearing

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24
Q

What is along the base of the Organ of Corti?

A

The basilar membrane which sensory receptors called hair cells are attached and have thin projections called stereocilia

25
Q

Where are the far ends of stereocilia embedded?

A

Within the tectorial membrane

26
Q

What happens when stapes strike the Oval Window?

A

It vibrates the window and creates pressure waves in the fluid of cochlea

27
Q

What do the pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea do?

A

Make the basilar membrane move up and down, which causes the stereocilia of the hair cells to bend against the tectorial membrane

28
Q

What happens when the hair cells bend against the tectorial membrane?

A

The nerve cells sense this movement and send an impulse to the brain

29
Q

What are the hair cells in the Organ of Corti able to do?

A

Distinguish the frequency (pitch) and amplitude (intensity) of sound waves

30
Q

What is Frequency?

A

The number of waves that pass through a specific point every second and is measured in Hertz

31
Q

What does the Frequency of speech usually range from?

A

100 to 4000 hz

32
Q

Which hair cells do high frequencies stimulate?

A

Hair cells closests to the oval window

33
Q

Which hair cells do low frequencies stimulate?

A

Hair cells farthest from the oval window

34
Q

What does hearing loss usually result from?

A

Nerve damage of the hair cells or damage to the outer or middle ear

35
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave?

A

The intensity or volume of sound

36
Q

What happens when a sound is loud?

A

It puts pressure on the fluid of the cochlea which puts pressure on the hair cells which are very sensitive

37
Q

What dBs can damage the ears?

A

80 dBs

38
Q

Where do sensory neurons in the ears send information to?

A

The auditory nerve which sends the information to the thalamus, brain stem, and temporal lobes

39
Q

Which structures in the inner ear help us stand upright?

A

The semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule

40
Q

What do the Semicircular Canals contain?

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect head and body rotation

41
Q

What are the Semicircular Canals?

A

Three fluid filled loops arranged in different planes

42
Q

What happens inside the semicircular canals?

A

The stereocilia of the hair cells stick into jelly like covering called a cupula. When the head rotates the fluid inside the canals bend the stereocilia causing the hair cells to send information to the brain

43
Q

What is Gravitational Equilibrium?

A

The balance required while moving the head forwards and backward

44
Q

What does Gravitational equilibrium depend on?

A

The Utricle and the Saccule which make up the fluid filled vestibule of the inner ear

45
Q

What do the Utricle and the Saccule contain?

A

Calcium carbonate granules called otoliths

46
Q

What happens when the head moves forward or back?

A

Otoliths that lie over the layers of hair cells causing them to send a neural impulse to the brain

47
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

Another type of mechanoreceptor involved in coordination

48
Q

Where are Proprioceptors found?

A

In muscles, tendons, and joints throughout the body

49
Q

What do Proprioceptors do?

A

Send information about the body position to the brain

50
Q

What are the 4 basic tastes?

A

Salty, Sour, Sweet, Bitter

51
Q

What happens when we eat?

A

Saliva dissolves some of our food and specific molecules are detected by the taste buds

52
Q

Where does information from the tongue get sent to?

A

The brainstem, thalamus then to the gustatory centre of the parietal lobe

53
Q

What are the Chemoreceptors in the nose?

A

The olfactory cells that line the upper nasal cavity

54
Q

What happens to particles bind to the olfactory cells?

A

Ion channels in the cell membrane open which generates an action potential in the olfactory cells which are linked to the olfactory bulb in the brain

55
Q

What part of the brain does perception of odour occur?

A

The frontal lobe

56
Q

What are pheromones detected by?

A

By a structure in the nose called the vomeronasal organ

57
Q

When is pain sensed?

A

When specialized sensors or nerve endings are activated by mechanical pressure or chemical signals

58
Q

What do Nociceptors do?

A

Release chemicals that trigger pain receptors to send impulses to the brain

Biology 30 (34 decks)

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