Zootoxins Flashcards
What toads have toxins?
Cane or Marine toad
Colorado River Toad
Where do you find Cane or Marine Toad?
Florida
South Texas
Hawaii
Puerto Rico
Where do you find the Colorado River Toad?
Southwestern United States from Arizona to California
What are the toxins associated with toads?
Catecholamines Bufotenine Bufagenins Bufotoxins Indole alkylamines
What are the properties of toad toxins?
Bufotenine is a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect
Bufagenins and bufotoxins are cardioactive steroids
Indole alkylamines are similar to Hallucinogen LSD
Bufotenine
a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect
Bufagenins and Bufotoxins
cardioactive steroids
Indole alkylamines
similar to Hallucinogen LSD
What is the season for toad toxicity?
Summer
What is the time for toad toxicity?
Evening
What are the toxicokinetics of toad toxicosis?
toxins are absorbed from the mucous membranes of the mouth, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, and open skin wound
Distributed all over the body
Catecholamines are metabolized by MAO and COMT enymes and undergo neuronal reuptake
Bufogenins are eliminated in urine
What is the mechanism of toxicity of toad toxicosis?
Direct irritation of the mucous membranes
Main organs: Heart, blood vessels, and CNS
What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufogenins and Bufotoxins?
digitalis-like effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase
What is the mechanism of toxicity for Indole alkylamines?
Hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD
What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufotenine?
vasoconstrictor effect and a hallucinogenic effect
What are the clinical signs of toad toxicosis?
irritation of oral mucous membranes
hypersalivation
brick red mucous membranes
vocalization
vomiting
Neurologic signs: disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonus, hyperthermia, and coma
Cardiovascular signs: tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia, collapse
What are the laboratory findings associated with toad toxicosis?
Digoxin levels are elevated
Moderate increases in hemoglobin content, PCV, blood, glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, serum potassium, calcium and phosphorus
What is the treatment for toad toxicosis?
Flushing the mouth with running water
Activated charcoal
Diazepam for controlling seizures
Atropine for bradycardia
Lidocaine and procainamide used for ventricular arrhythmias
Digoxin immune Fab used to bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
supportive care
What is the prognosis for toad toxicosis?
Good for treated animals
What are the poisonous snakes of North America?
Pit vipers: Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, and Cottonmouths
Coral Snakes
What are the general characteristics of Pit Vipers?
Head is broad and triangular
Pupils are vertical prominent elliptical slits
retractable fangs in the upper jaw
Venoms
combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins and amino acids
Killing Fraction
Nonenzymatic proteins and peptides
What are most pit viper bites due to?
Copperheads
What are the most toxic snake bites?
Rattlesnakes
What is the mechanism of action for Pit Viper bites?
Hyaluronidase causes the venom to spread
Phopholipase A disrupts cell membrane, uncouples phosphorylation and releases vasoactive amines
Enzymatic and nnezymatic proteins have hemotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic
What is the primary effect of Pit Viper bites?
Hypercoagulation
What are the clinical signs of Pit Viper bites?
Local tissue reactions: puncture wounds, fang marks, bleeding, edema, swelling, ecchymosis, petechiation, necrosis
What are the laboratory findings associated with Pit Viper bites?
Detection of toxins
Hematologic changes: echinocytosis, hemolysis, hemoconcentration, increased or decreased coagulation time and may be DIC
Clinical chemistry changes: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, liver, and renal failure
What is the treatment for Pit Viper bites?
Polyvalent crotalid antivenin Diphenhydramine IV or SC Fluid therapy Blood or Blood transfusion Antibiotics First Aid
Where do you find the Sonoran coral snake?
Central and Sourtheastern Arizona and Southwest New Mexico
Where do you find the eastern coral snake?
Eastern NC Central Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana the Mississippi River
Where do you find the Texas Coral Snake?
Eastern and South central Texas
Southeastern Arkansas
Louisiana
Where do you find the South Florida coral snake?
Southern Florida
Micrurus coral snakes
Black head and alternating bands of black, yellow, and red
small head which is not triangular with rounded pupils
short fixed fangs
diurnal
What is the toxicity of the coral snake?
60% of bites are nonenvenomating
What is the mechanism of action for coral snake bites?
Tissue destruction is caused by hyaluronidase, proteinase, ribonuclease, desoxyribonuclease, phospholipase
The primary effect is Neurotoxic
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, CNS depression, muscle paralysis, and vasomotor instability
Hemolysis with sever anemia and hemoglobinuria
What are the clinical signs of coral snake bites?
CNS depression quadriplegia with decreased spinal reflexes respiratory paralysis hypotension ventricular tachycardia intravascular hemolysis anemia hemoglobinuria vomit salivation
What is the lesion associated with Coral snake bites?
Puncture wounds tissue reactions
What are the laboratory findings associated with coral snake bites?
Elevation of fibrinogen and creatine kinase
Anemia hemoglobinuria
What is the treatment for coral snake bites?
Specific Micrurus fulvius antivenin
Life support and symptomatic treatment
