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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Zootoxins > Flashcards

Zootoxins Flashcards

1
Q

What toads have toxins?

A

Cane or Marine toad

Colorado River Toad

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2
Q

Where do you find Cane or Marine Toad?

A

Florida
South Texas
Hawaii
Puerto Rico

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3
Q

Where do you find the Colorado River Toad?

A

Southwestern United States from Arizona to California

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4
Q

What are the toxins associated with toads?

A 
Catecholamines
Bufotenine
Bufagenins
Bufotoxins
Indole alkylamines
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5
Q

What are the properties of toad toxins?

A

Bufotenine is a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect
Bufagenins and bufotoxins are cardioactive steroids
Indole alkylamines are similar to Hallucinogen LSD

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6
Q

Bufotenine

A

a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect

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7
Q

Bufagenins and Bufotoxins

A

cardioactive steroids

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8
Q

Indole alkylamines

A

similar to Hallucinogen LSD

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9
Q

What is the season for toad toxicity?

A

Summer

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10
Q

What is the time for toad toxicity?

A

Evening

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11
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of toad toxicosis?

A

toxins are absorbed from the mucous membranes of the mouth, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, and open skin wound
Distributed all over the body
Catecholamines are metabolized by MAO and COMT enymes and undergo neuronal reuptake
Bufogenins are eliminated in urine

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity of toad toxicosis?

A

Direct irritation of the mucous membranes

Main organs: Heart, blood vessels, and CNS

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufogenins and Bufotoxins?

A

digitalis-like effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Indole alkylamines?

A

Hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufotenine?

A

vasoconstrictor effect and a hallucinogenic effect

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of toad toxicosis?

A

irritation of oral mucous membranes
hypersalivation
brick red mucous membranes
vocalization
vomiting
Neurologic signs: disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonus, hyperthermia, and coma
Cardiovascular signs: tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia, collapse

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17
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with toad toxicosis?

A

Digoxin levels are elevated
Moderate increases in hemoglobin content, PCV, blood, glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, serum potassium, calcium and phosphorus

18
Q

What is the treatment for toad toxicosis?

A

Flushing the mouth with running water
Activated charcoal
Diazepam for controlling seizures
Atropine for bradycardia
Lidocaine and procainamide used for ventricular arrhythmias
Digoxin immune Fab used to bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
supportive care

19
Q

What is the prognosis for toad toxicosis?

A

Good for treated animals

20
Q

What are the poisonous snakes of North America?

A

Pit vipers: Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, and Cottonmouths

Coral Snakes

21
Q

What are the general characteristics of Pit Vipers?

A

Head is broad and triangular
Pupils are vertical prominent elliptical slits
retractable fangs in the upper jaw

22
Q

Venoms

A

combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins and amino acids

23
Q

Killing Fraction

A

Nonenzymatic proteins and peptides

24
Q

What are most pit viper bites due to?

A

Copperheads

25
Q

What are the most toxic snake bites?

A

Rattlesnakes

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Pit Viper bites?

A

Hyaluronidase causes the venom to spread
Phopholipase A disrupts cell membrane, uncouples phosphorylation and releases vasoactive amines
Enzymatic and nnezymatic proteins have hemotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic

27
Q

What is the primary effect of Pit Viper bites?

A

Hypercoagulation

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pit Viper bites?

A

Local tissue reactions: puncture wounds, fang marks, bleeding, edema, swelling, ecchymosis, petechiation, necrosis

29
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with Pit Viper bites?

A

Detection of toxins
Hematologic changes: echinocytosis, hemolysis, hemoconcentration, increased or decreased coagulation time and may be DIC
Clinical chemistry changes: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, liver, and renal failure

30
Q

What is the treatment for Pit Viper bites?

A 
Polyvalent crotalid antivenin
Diphenhydramine IV or SC
Fluid therapy 
Blood or Blood transfusion 
Antibiotics
First Aid
31
Q

Where do you find the Sonoran coral snake?

A

Central and Sourtheastern Arizona and Southwest New Mexico

32
Q

Where do you find the eastern coral snake?

A 
Eastern NC
Central Florida
Alabama
Mississippi 
Louisiana
the Mississippi River
33
Q

Where do you find the Texas Coral Snake?

A

Eastern and South central Texas
Southeastern Arkansas
Louisiana

34
Q

Where do you find the South Florida coral snake?

A

Southern Florida

35
Q

Micrurus coral snakes

A

Black head and alternating bands of black, yellow, and red
small head which is not triangular with rounded pupils
short fixed fangs
diurnal

36
Q

What is the toxicity of the coral snake?

A

60% of bites are nonenvenomating

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for coral snake bites?

A

Tissue destruction is caused by hyaluronidase, proteinase, ribonuclease, desoxyribonuclease, phospholipase
The primary effect is Neurotoxic
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, CNS depression, muscle paralysis, and vasomotor instability
Hemolysis with sever anemia and hemoglobinuria

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of coral snake bites?

A 
CNS depression 
quadriplegia with decreased spinal reflexes
respiratory paralysis 
hypotension 
ventricular tachycardia 
intravascular hemolysis 
anemia 
hemoglobinuria
vomit 
salivation
39
Q

What is the lesion associated with Coral snake bites?

A

Puncture wounds tissue reactions

40
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with coral snake bites?

A

Elevation of fibrinogen and creatine kinase

Anemia hemoglobinuria

41
Q

What is the treatment for coral snake bites?

A

Specific Micrurus fulvius antivenin

Life support and symptomatic treatment

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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