Industrial Toxicants Flashcards
What are the types of Crude Oil?
Sweet Crude Oil
Sour crude oil
Sweet Crude Oil
Rich in low temp distillates
Sour crude Oil
contains high sulfur high temp distillates
What are the Refined petroleum products?
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic or Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
What are the sources of exposure to Petroleum products?
Petroleum distillates
Crude petroleum
Oil spills
Open Containers
What does Chlorinted Napthalene cause on bovine skin?
Hyperkeratosis
What Petroleum products are relatively non toxic?
Products with high boiling points
Which Petroleum products have more pneumotoxic effects?
Products with low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension
Which Petroleum products are more toxic?
Products that are more volatile
Which Petroleum products is more lethal, sweet or sour crude oil?
Sweet Crude Oil
What Petroleum products have a low toxicity?
Short chain aliphatics
What Petroleum products cause aspiration pneumonia?
Long-chain aliphatics
What Petroleum products cause CNS toxicity?
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
What Petroleum products cause bone marrow suppression?
Aromatic hydrocarbons
How are Petroleum products absorbed?
GI tract
Inhalation
skin
How are absorption and molecular weigh related?
Inversely proportional
Which Petroleum products are more readily absorbed?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
How are volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons excreted?
Through the lungs
What is the mechanism of action of Petroleum products?
Aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa
CNS depression
bone marrow suppression
sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines
Clinical signs of Petroleum products
Aspiration pneumonia: shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds
What are the lesions associated with Petroleum products?
Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration in the tracheal mucosa
degeneration and necrosis of the liver and kidney
What laboratory findings will you see with Aromatic hydrocarbons?
anemia
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia
What is the treatment for Petroleum products toxicosis?
Removal of oil on the body surface
Activated charcoal or mineral oil
Symptomatic therapy
Rest
What is contraindicated with Petroleum products?
Emetics
gastric lavage
glucocorticoids
What is the prognosis for Petroleum products toxicosis?
depends on severity
Guarded to poor in severe cases
What is non-industrial Fluoride used for?
Prevents Tooth decay
What is the mechanism of action of non-industrial fluoride?
Fluoride binds to tooth enamel and makes the tooth more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria and sugars
What is Industrial Fluoride used for?
Insecticides
pesticide
industrial toxicant
What are the three forms of fluoride?
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Fluorosilicate
Sodium Fluoroaluminate
What are the sources of exposure of industrial fluoride?
Forages and pastures
Natural waters
Feed and mineral supplements
What are properties of industrial fluoride?
strong affinity for calcium, aluminum, and iron
What is the most common toxicosis of industrial fluoride?
Chronic toxicosis
What species is chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis seen in?
Cattle - especially Dairy Cattle
Which fluoride is more toxic?
Sodium Fluoride
How are industrial fluorides readily absorbed?
Intestinal tract
throughout the body
Where is industrial fluoride stored?
Bones
Teeth
What is the mechanism of Action of industrial fluoride acute toxicosis?
Caustic effect on GI mucosa Hypocalcemia Coagulation defect Increased capillary permeability inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes
What is the mechanism of action of industrial fluoride chronic toxicosis?
Alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth
How does industrial fluoride cause alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth?
Causes damage of ameloblasts and odontoblasts during tooth development
What can been seen with the teeth with industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Brown or black discoloration of the defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in the teeth
What are the clinical signs of acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Rapid onset Gastroenteritis- hemorrhagic salivation vomiting urination defecation CNS stimulation clonic convulsive seizures weight loss decreased milk production
What are the clinical signs of chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Slow onset Intermittent lameness painful stiff gait Bony protrusions Spontaneous fractures Mottling and patchy teeth Brown color around eroded areas in teeth anorexia emaciation rough haircoat reduced milk production reproduction
What are the lesions associated with Acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
hemorrhages
congestion and edema
What are the lesions associated with Chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Dental lesions
Bone lesions
Hyperostosis
porosis
What are the laboratory findings associated with industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Elevated urine levels
Bone Biopsy
What is the treatment for industrial fluoride toxicosis?
Aluminum, salts, calcium carbonate, and defluoridated phosphate orally to form insoluble compounds
Dilute feed and water containing fluoride
