Industrial Toxicants

Question 1

What are the types of Crude Oil?

Answer 1

Sweet Crude Oil

Sour crude oil

Question 2

Sweet Crude Oil

Answer 2

Rich in low temp distillates

Question 3

Sour crude Oil

Answer 3

contains high sulfur high temp distillates

Question 4

What are the Refined petroleum products?

Answer 4

Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic or Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Question 5

What are the sources of exposure to Petroleum products?

Answer 5

Petroleum distillates
Crude petroleum
Oil spills
Open Containers

Question 6

What does Chlorinted Napthalene cause on bovine skin?

Answer 6

Hyperkeratosis

Question 7

What Petroleum products are relatively non toxic?

Answer 7

Products with high boiling points

Question 8

Which Petroleum products have more pneumotoxic effects?

Answer 8

Products with low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension

Question 9

Which Petroleum products are more toxic?

Answer 9

Products that are more volatile

Question 10

Which Petroleum products is more lethal, sweet or sour crude oil?

Answer 10

Sweet Crude Oil

Question 11

What Petroleum products have a low toxicity?

Answer 11

Short chain aliphatics

Question 12

What Petroleum products cause aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 12

Long-chain aliphatics

Question 13

What Petroleum products cause CNS toxicity?

Answer 13

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 14

What Petroleum products cause bone marrow suppression?

Answer 14

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 15

How are Petroleum products absorbed?

Answer 15

GI tract
Inhalation
skin

Question 16

How are absorption and molecular weigh related?

Answer 16

Inversely proportional

Question 17

Which Petroleum products are more readily absorbed?

Answer 17

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 18

How are volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons excreted?

Answer 18

Through the lungs

Question 19

What is the mechanism of action of Petroleum products?

Answer 19

Aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa
CNS depression
bone marrow suppression
sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines

Question 20

Clinical signs of Petroleum products

Answer 20

Aspiration pneumonia: shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds

Question 21

What are the lesions associated with Petroleum products?

Answer 21

Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration in the tracheal mucosa
degeneration and necrosis of the liver and kidney

Question 22

What laboratory findings will you see with Aromatic hydrocarbons?

Answer 22

anemia
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia

Question 23

What is the treatment for Petroleum products toxicosis?

Answer 23

Removal of oil on the body surface
Activated charcoal or mineral oil
Symptomatic therapy
Rest

Question 24

What is contraindicated with Petroleum products?

Answer 24

Emetics
gastric lavage
glucocorticoids

Question 25

What is the prognosis for Petroleum products toxicosis?

Answer 25

depends on severity | Guarded to poor in severe cases

Question 26

What is non-industrial Fluoride used for?

Answer 26

Prevents Tooth decay

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action of non-industrial fluoride?

Answer 27

Fluoride binds to tooth enamel and makes the tooth more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria and sugars

Question 28

What is Industrial Fluoride used for?

Answer 28

Insecticides pesticide industrial toxicant

Question 29

What are the three forms of fluoride?

Answer 29

Sodium Fluoride Sodium Fluorosilicate Sodium Fluoroaluminate

Question 30

What are the sources of exposure of industrial fluoride?

Answer 30

Forages and pastures Natural waters Feed and mineral supplements

Question 31

What are properties of industrial fluoride?

Answer 31

strong affinity for calcium, aluminum, and iron

Question 32

What is the most common toxicosis of industrial fluoride?

Answer 32

Chronic toxicosis

Question 33

What species is chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis seen in?

Answer 33

Cattle - especially Dairy Cattle

Question 34

Which fluoride is more toxic?

Answer 34

Sodium Fluoride

Question 35

How are industrial fluorides readily absorbed?

Answer 35

Intestinal tract | throughout the body

Question 36

Where is industrial fluoride stored?

Answer 36

Bones | Teeth

Question 37

What is the mechanism of Action of industrial fluoride acute toxicosis?

Answer 37

``` Caustic effect on GI mucosa Hypocalcemia Coagulation defect Increased capillary permeability inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes ```

Question 38

What is the mechanism of action of industrial fluoride chronic toxicosis?

Answer 38

Alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth

Question 39

How does industrial fluoride cause alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth?

Answer 39

Causes damage of ameloblasts and odontoblasts during tooth development

Question 40

What can been seen with the teeth with industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 40

Brown or black discoloration of the defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in the teeth

Question 41

What are the clinical signs of acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 41

``` Rapid onset Gastroenteritis- hemorrhagic salivation vomiting urination defecation CNS stimulation clonic convulsive seizures weight loss decreased milk production ```

Question 42

What are the clinical signs of chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 42

``` Slow onset Intermittent lameness painful stiff gait Bony protrusions Spontaneous fractures Mottling and patchy teeth Brown color around eroded areas in teeth anorexia emaciation rough haircoat reduced milk production reproduction ```

Question 43

What are the lesions associated with Acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 43

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis hemorrhages congestion and edema

Question 44

What are the lesions associated with Chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 44

Dental lesions Bone lesions Hyperostosis porosis

Question 45

What are the laboratory findings associated with industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 45

Elevated urine levels | Bone Biopsy

Question 46

What is the treatment for industrial fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 46

Aluminum, salts, calcium carbonate, and defluoridated phosphate orally to form insoluble compounds Dilute feed and water containing fluoride