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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Industrial Toxicants > Flashcards

Industrial Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Crude Oil?

A

Sweet Crude Oil

Sour crude oil

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2
Q

Sweet Crude Oil

A

Rich in low temp distillates

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3
Q

Sour crude Oil

A

contains high sulfur high temp distillates

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4
Q

What are the Refined petroleum products?

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic or Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What are the sources of exposure to Petroleum products?

A

Petroleum distillates
Crude petroleum
Oil spills
Open Containers

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6
Q

What does Chlorinted Napthalene cause on bovine skin?

A

Hyperkeratosis

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7
Q

What Petroleum products are relatively non toxic?

A

Products with high boiling points

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8
Q

Which Petroleum products have more pneumotoxic effects?

A

Products with low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension

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9
Q

Which Petroleum products are more toxic?

A

Products that are more volatile

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10
Q

Which Petroleum products is more lethal, sweet or sour crude oil?

A

Sweet Crude Oil

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11
Q

What Petroleum products have a low toxicity?

A

Short chain aliphatics

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12
Q

What Petroleum products cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

Long-chain aliphatics

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13
Q

What Petroleum products cause CNS toxicity?

A

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

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14
Q

What Petroleum products cause bone marrow suppression?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons

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15
Q

How are Petroleum products absorbed?

A

GI tract
Inhalation
skin

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16
Q

How are absorption and molecular weigh related?

A

Inversely proportional

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17
Q

Which Petroleum products are more readily absorbed?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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18
Q

How are volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons excreted?

A

Through the lungs

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Petroleum products?

A

Aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa
CNS depression
bone marrow suppression
sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines

20
Q

Clinical signs of Petroleum products

A

Aspiration pneumonia: shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds

21
Q

What are the lesions associated with Petroleum products?

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration in the tracheal mucosa
degeneration and necrosis of the liver and kidney

22
Q

What laboratory findings will you see with Aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

anemia
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia

23
Q

What is the treatment for Petroleum products toxicosis?

A

Removal of oil on the body surface
Activated charcoal or mineral oil
Symptomatic therapy
Rest

24
Q

What is contraindicated with Petroleum products?

A

Emetics
gastric lavage
glucocorticoids

25
Q

What is the prognosis for Petroleum products toxicosis?

A

depends on severity

Guarded to poor in severe cases

26
Q

What is non-industrial Fluoride used for?

A

Prevents Tooth decay

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of non-industrial fluoride?

A

Fluoride binds to tooth enamel and makes the tooth more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria and sugars

28
Q

What is Industrial Fluoride used for?

A

Insecticides
pesticide
industrial toxicant

29
Q

What are the three forms of fluoride?

A

Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Fluorosilicate
Sodium Fluoroaluminate

30
Q

What are the sources of exposure of industrial fluoride?

A

Forages and pastures
Natural waters
Feed and mineral supplements

31
Q

What are properties of industrial fluoride?

A

strong affinity for calcium, aluminum, and iron

32
Q

What is the most common toxicosis of industrial fluoride?

A

Chronic toxicosis

33
Q

What species is chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis seen in?

A

Cattle - especially Dairy Cattle

34
Q

Which fluoride is more toxic?

A

Sodium Fluoride

35
Q

How are industrial fluorides readily absorbed?

A

Intestinal tract

throughout the body

36
Q

Where is industrial fluoride stored?

A

Bones

Teeth

37
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of industrial fluoride acute toxicosis?

A 
Caustic effect on GI mucosa
Hypocalcemia 
Coagulation defect
Increased capillary permeability 
inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of industrial fluoride chronic toxicosis?

A

Alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth

39
Q

How does industrial fluoride cause alteration and delayed mineralization of teeth?

A

Causes damage of ameloblasts and odontoblasts during tooth development

40
Q

What can been seen with the teeth with industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A

Brown or black discoloration of the defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in the teeth

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A 
Rapid onset
Gastroenteritis- hemorrhagic
salivation 
vomiting
urination 
defecation 
CNS stimulation 
clonic convulsive seizures
weight loss
decreased milk production
42
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A 
Slow onset
Intermittent lameness
painful stiff gait 
Bony protrusions 
Spontaneous fractures
Mottling and patchy teeth 
Brown color around eroded areas in teeth 
anorexia
emaciation 
rough haircoat
reduced milk production 
reproduction
43
Q

What are the lesions associated with Acute industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
hemorrhages
congestion and edema

44
Q

What are the lesions associated with Chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A

Dental lesions
Bone lesions
Hyperostosis
porosis

45
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A

Elevated urine levels

Bone Biopsy

46
Q

What is the treatment for industrial fluoride toxicosis?

A

Aluminum, salts, calcium carbonate, and defluoridated phosphate orally to form insoluble compounds
Dilute feed and water containing fluoride

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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