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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Household chemicals > Flashcards

Household chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of Ethanol toxicosis?

A

Ingestion of ethanol containing beverages, fermeted bread dough, rotten gruits, and ethanol containing shampoos

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2
Q

What is the source of methanol toxicosis?

A

Ingestion of methanol containing automotive windshield fluid antifreeze or paint remover

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3
Q

What are the properties of alcohol?

A

Volatile
Irritant
High lipid soluble

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4
Q

What is the cause of ethanol toxicosis in calves, lambs, and pigs?

A

yeast fermentation in the Gi tract

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5
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of alcohol toxicosis?

A

Readily absorbed orally and food delays absorption
Ethanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for alcohol toxicosis?

A

Ethanol and methanol cause CNS depression Acetaldehyde has vasodilator action and induces vomiting
Acetate causes metabolic acidosis
Ethanol inhibits ADH

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute alcohol toxicosis?

A 
CNS depression 
vocalization 
excitement 
disorientation 
vomiting 
Polydipsia 
dehydration
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic alcohol toxicosis?

A

Liver and Kidney damage

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9
Q

What are the Postmortem lesions associated with alcohol toxicosis?

A

Congestion of GI mucosa, liver, kidneys, and lungs

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10
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with alcohol toxicosis?

A

Blood alcohol levels

Hypoglycemia

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11
Q

What is the treatment for alcohol toxicosis?

A

Ethanol and fomepizole can be used as an antidote
Emetics
Supportive and Symptomatic treatment - IV injection of thiamine
Sodium bicarbonate in LRS

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12
Q

What else is involved in the treatment of alcohol toxicosis?

A

Assisted ventilation
Naloxone may be used to antagonize CNS depression
Body temperature should be monitored

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13
Q

What are the uses for Phenolic compounds?

A

Disinfectants, antiseptics, germicides, creosote, and household cleaners

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14
Q

Why are cats more sensitive to Phenolic compounds?

A

deficient in conjugation to glucuronic acid

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15
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of Phenolic compounds?

A

Readily absorbed in the GI tract
poor absorption from the skin
Metabolized in the liver by conjugation
Metabolites excreted in urine

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Phenolic compounds?

A

Phenols denature and precipitate cellular proteins
Direct irritation causing coagulative necrosis
Stimulate the respiratory center causing hypoventilation
Hepatotoxic, Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phenolic compounds?

A 
Ataxia 
weakness
tremors
coma
seizures
methemoglobinemia
respiratory alkalosis 
icterus 
phenolic odor in expired air or skin
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of dermal exposure of Phenolic compounds?

A

coagulative necrosis
ulcers
white plaques associated with intense pain

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of ocular exposure with Phenolic compounds?

A

corneal ulcerations

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20
Q

What are the lesions associated with Phenolic compounds?

A

Ulceration and necrosis of GI mucosa and the skin
Liver and kidney changes
severe centrilobular hyperemia, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver
Renal tubular degeneration and necrosis

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21
Q

What are the laboratory findings of Phenolic compounds?

A

detected in urine unchanged or as metabolites
Proteinuria
hematuria

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22
Q

What is the treatment for Phenolic compounds toxicosis?

A

Detoxification:
Milk, egg whites, or water followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics
The skin should be decontaminated with liquid dish soap and applying polyethylene glycol or glycerol

Supportive treatment:
Acetylcysteine to prevent liver and kidney damage
Methylene blue IV
ocular exposure: Flush eyes 20-30mins with isotonic isothermic saline

23
Q

Nonionic detergents

A

found in soap and laundry and dishwashing detergents

24
Q

Anionic detergents

A

Sulfonated or phosphorylated hydrocarbons

Ex: Laundry detergents, dishwasher detergents, and some shampoos

25
Q

Cationic detergents

A

Quaternary compounds that contain halogen

Ex: fabric softener, liquid potpurri, germicides, sanitizers

26
Q

What is the toxicity of most soaps and anionic or nonionic detergents?

A

Low oral toxicity at low exposure

low irritation

27
Q

What are the most toxic detergents?

A

Highly alkaline detergents

Cationic detergents

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action for detergents?

A

Direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes

Quaternary ammonium compounds may be corrosive and may cause systemic toxicity

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of detergent toxicosis?

A 
Nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
colic 
Quaternary ammonium compounds may cause severe GI signs, dehydration, shock, and collapse
Dermal exposure may cause irritation
30
Q

What is the treatment of Detergent toxicosis?

A

Detoxification:
Anionic: Milk, water, vinegar, or activated charcoal to dilute and neutralize the alkaline

Supportive Treatment: GI protectants and demulcents and analgesics
Life support in severe exposure

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bleach toxicosis?

A

chlorine bleaches cause release of chlorine or chloramine gas and hypochlorous acid
Concentrated solutions are highly corrosive to mucus membranes

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of bleach toxicosis?

A

oropharyngeal, GI, and respiratory irritation

May smell of chlorine

33
Q

What is the treatment for bleach toxicosis?

A

Milk and water
Magnesium oxide to neutralize stomach acids
Symptomatic and supportive treatment
wash dermal exposure with soap and water

34
Q

Xylitol

A

a sugar alcohol looks and tastes like sugar

a sugar substitute in sugar-free chewing gums, candy, and diabetic diets

35
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of Xylitol?

A

absorbed slowly from the GI tract

can be converted to glucose then glycogen in liver

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Xylitol?

A

potent promotoer of insulin release in dogs resulting in hypoglycemia and hypokalemia
Large doses can cause liver failure, GI hemorrhage, and DIC

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of Xylitol toxicosis?

A 
weakness
ataxia
collapse
seizures
vomiting
diarrhea
icterus
intestinal hemorrhage
Large amount may cause Liver Failure and DIC
38
Q

What are the lesions associated with Xylitol toxicosis?

A

Liver failure: Petechial, ecchymotic, or Gi hemorrhage

Severe hepatocyte loss of atrophy and hepatic necrosis

39
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with Xylitol toxicosis?

A

Hypoglycemia
Elevated Liver enzymes
Liver failure: Hypoglycemia, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hyperphosphatemia, prolonged clotting times and thrombocytopenia

40
Q

What is the treatment for xylitol toxicosis?

A 
Decontamination by inducing vomiting 
50% dextrose IV 
Antiemetics for vomiting 
Fluid therapy 
antibiotics
antacids and GI protectants
41
Q

What are Methylxanthine alkaloids?

A

Caffeine
theophylline
theobromine

42
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of Methylxanthine?

A

readily absorbed from the GI tract
widely distributed throughout the body
Metabolized in the liver and undergo enterohepatic recycling
excreted in urine unchanged

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Methylxanthine toxicosis?

A

Competitive inhibition of adenosine
Inhibition of cellular phosphodiesterase causing an increase in cAMP
Stimulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla
Inhibition of calcium sequestration within the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Increase of calcium entry into cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of Methylxanthine toxicosis?

A 
Restlessness
Hyperactivity 
PU/PD
Urinary incontinence
Vomiting
tachycardia 
hypertension 
weakness
ataxia
diarrhea
cardiac arrhythmias
seizures
45
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with Methylxanthine toxicosis?

A

Hypokalemia

Methylxanthines can be detected in stomach contents, plasma serum, urine, and liver

46
Q

What is the treatment for Methylxanthine toxicosis?

A

Early decontamination by inducing vomiting Activated Charcoal to prevent further absorption and it is recommended to continue activated charcoal treatments
Supportive treatment
IV fluid therapy to prevent dehydration and to enhance urinary excretion
Diazepam IV to treat seizures

47
Q

What is D-limonene used for?

A

Control of lice, flea and ticks

Food fragrant

48
Q

What are the properties of D-limonene?

A

Citrus oil extract
Lipid soluble
absorbed form the GI and intact skin

49
Q

What is used with D-limonene to potentiate it?

A

piperonyl butoxide

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action for D-limonene toxicosis?

A

Unknown

central and peripheral vasodilation due to neuronal mechanism

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of D-limonene toxicosis?

A 
Ataxia 
weakness
recumbency 
paralysis 
CNS depression 
hypothermia 
hypotension 
Patient smells like Lemons/oranges
52
Q

What is the treatment for D-limonene toxicosis?

A

Keep the animal warm
shampooing the skin
Decontamination
Suppportive treatment

53
Q

What is the prognosis for D-limonene toxicosis?

A

Excellent in sublethal toxicosis usually is resolved in 6-12 hours

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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