Household chemicals

Question 1

What are the sources of Ethanol toxicosis?

Answer 1

Ingestion of ethanol containing beverages, fermeted bread dough, rotten gruits, and ethanol containing shampoos

Question 2

What is the source of methanol toxicosis?

Answer 2

Ingestion of methanol containing automotive windshield fluid antifreeze or paint remover

Question 3

What are the properties of alcohol?

Answer 3

Volatile
Irritant
High lipid soluble

Question 4

What is the cause of ethanol toxicosis in calves, lambs, and pigs?

Answer 4

yeast fermentation in the Gi tract

Question 5

What are the toxicokinetics of alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 5

Readily absorbed orally and food delays absorption
Ethanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action for alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 6

Ethanol and methanol cause CNS depression Acetaldehyde has vasodilator action and induces vomiting
Acetate causes metabolic acidosis
Ethanol inhibits ADH

Question 7

What are the clinical signs of acute alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 7

CNS depression 
vocalization 
excitement 
disorientation 
vomiting 
Polydipsia 
dehydration

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of chronic alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 8

Liver and Kidney damage

Question 9

What are the Postmortem lesions associated with alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 9

Congestion of GI mucosa, liver, kidneys, and lungs

Question 10

What are the laboratory findings associated with alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 10

Blood alcohol levels

Hypoglycemia

Question 11

What is the treatment for alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 11

Ethanol and fomepizole can be used as an antidote
Emetics
Supportive and Symptomatic treatment - IV injection of thiamine
Sodium bicarbonate in LRS

Question 12

What else is involved in the treatment of alcohol toxicosis?

Answer 12

Assisted ventilation
Naloxone may be used to antagonize CNS depression
Body temperature should be monitored

Question 13

What are the uses for Phenolic compounds?

Answer 13

Disinfectants, antiseptics, germicides, creosote, and household cleaners

Question 14

Why are cats more sensitive to Phenolic compounds?

Answer 14

deficient in conjugation to glucuronic acid

Question 15

What are the toxicokinetics of Phenolic compounds?

Answer 15

Readily absorbed in the GI tract
poor absorption from the skin
Metabolized in the liver by conjugation
Metabolites excreted in urine

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of Phenolic compounds?

Answer 16

Phenols denature and precipitate cellular proteins
Direct irritation causing coagulative necrosis
Stimulate the respiratory center causing hypoventilation
Hepatotoxic, Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic

Question 17

What are the clinical signs of Phenolic compounds?

Answer 17

Ataxia 
weakness
tremors
coma
seizures
methemoglobinemia
respiratory alkalosis 
icterus 
phenolic odor in expired air or skin

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of dermal exposure of Phenolic compounds?

Answer 18

coagulative necrosis
ulcers
white plaques associated with intense pain

Question 19

what are the clinical signs of ocular exposure with Phenolic compounds?

Answer 19

corneal ulcerations

Question 20

What are the lesions associated with Phenolic compounds?

Answer 20

Ulceration and necrosis of GI mucosa and the skin
Liver and kidney changes
severe centrilobular hyperemia, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver
Renal tubular degeneration and necrosis

Question 21

What are the laboratory findings of Phenolic compounds?

Answer 21

detected in urine unchanged or as metabolites
Proteinuria
hematuria

Question 22

What is the treatment for Phenolic compounds toxicosis?

Answer 22

Detoxification:
Milk, egg whites, or water followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics
The skin should be decontaminated with liquid dish soap and applying polyethylene glycol or glycerol

Supportive treatment:
Acetylcysteine to prevent liver and kidney damage
Methylene blue IV
ocular exposure: Flush eyes 20-30mins with isotonic isothermic saline

Question 23

Nonionic detergents

Answer 23

found in soap and laundry and dishwashing detergents

Question 24

Anionic detergents

Answer 24

Sulfonated or phosphorylated hydrocarbons

Ex: Laundry detergents, dishwasher detergents, and some shampoos

Question 25

Cationic detergents

Answer 25

Quaternary compounds that contain halogen | Ex: fabric softener, liquid potpurri, germicides, sanitizers

Question 26

What is the toxicity of most soaps and anionic or nonionic detergents?

Answer 26

Low oral toxicity at low exposure | low irritation

Question 27

What are the most toxic detergents?

Answer 27

Highly alkaline detergents | Cationic detergents

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action for detergents?

Answer 28

Direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes | Quaternary ammonium compounds may be corrosive and may cause systemic toxicity

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of detergent toxicosis?

Answer 29

``` Nausea vomiting diarrhea colic Quaternary ammonium compounds may cause severe GI signs, dehydration, shock, and collapse Dermal exposure may cause irritation ```

Question 30

What is the treatment of Detergent toxicosis?

Answer 30

Detoxification: Anionic: Milk, water, vinegar, or activated charcoal to dilute and neutralize the alkaline Supportive Treatment: GI protectants and demulcents and analgesics Life support in severe exposure

Question 31

What is the mechanism of action of bleach toxicosis?

Answer 31

chlorine bleaches cause release of chlorine or chloramine gas and hypochlorous acid Concentrated solutions are highly corrosive to mucus membranes

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of bleach toxicosis?

Answer 32

oropharyngeal, GI, and respiratory irritation | May smell of chlorine

Question 33

What is the treatment for bleach toxicosis?

Answer 33

Milk and water Magnesium oxide to neutralize stomach acids Symptomatic and supportive treatment wash dermal exposure with soap and water

Question 34

Xylitol

Answer 34

a sugar alcohol looks and tastes like sugar | a sugar substitute in sugar-free chewing gums, candy, and diabetic diets

Question 35

What are the toxicokinetics of Xylitol?

Answer 35

absorbed slowly from the GI tract | can be converted to glucose then glycogen in liver

Question 36

What is the mechanism of action of Xylitol?

Answer 36

potent promotoer of insulin release in dogs resulting in hypoglycemia and hypokalemia Large doses can cause liver failure, GI hemorrhage, and DIC

Question 37

What are the clinical signs of Xylitol toxicosis?

Answer 37

``` weakness ataxia collapse seizures vomiting diarrhea icterus intestinal hemorrhage Large amount may cause Liver Failure and DIC ```

Question 38

What are the lesions associated with Xylitol toxicosis?

Answer 38

Liver failure: Petechial, ecchymotic, or Gi hemorrhage | Severe hepatocyte loss of atrophy and hepatic necrosis

Question 39

What are the laboratory findings associated with Xylitol toxicosis?

Answer 39

Hypoglycemia Elevated Liver enzymes Liver failure: Hypoglycemia, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hyperphosphatemia, prolonged clotting times and thrombocytopenia

Question 40

What is the treatment for xylitol toxicosis?

Answer 40

``` Decontamination by inducing vomiting 50% dextrose IV Antiemetics for vomiting Fluid therapy antibiotics antacids and GI protectants ```

Question 41

What are Methylxanthine alkaloids?

Answer 41

Caffeine theophylline theobromine

Question 42

What are the toxicokinetics of Methylxanthine?

Answer 42

readily absorbed from the GI tract widely distributed throughout the body Metabolized in the liver and undergo enterohepatic recycling excreted in urine unchanged

Question 43

What is the mechanism of action of Methylxanthine toxicosis?

Answer 43

Competitive inhibition of adenosine Inhibition of cellular phosphodiesterase causing an increase in cAMP Stimulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla Inhibition of calcium sequestration within the sarcoplasmic reticulum Increase of calcium entry into cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

Question 44

What are the clinical signs of Methylxanthine toxicosis?

Answer 44

``` Restlessness Hyperactivity PU/PD Urinary incontinence Vomiting tachycardia hypertension weakness ataxia diarrhea cardiac arrhythmias seizures ```

Question 45

What are the laboratory findings associated with Methylxanthine toxicosis?

Answer 45

Hypokalemia | Methylxanthines can be detected in stomach contents, plasma serum, urine, and liver

Question 46

What is the treatment for Methylxanthine toxicosis?

Answer 46

Early decontamination by inducing vomiting Activated Charcoal to prevent further absorption and it is recommended to continue activated charcoal treatments Supportive treatment IV fluid therapy to prevent dehydration and to enhance urinary excretion Diazepam IV to treat seizures

Question 47

What is D-limonene used for?

Answer 47

Control of lice, flea and ticks | Food fragrant

Question 48

What are the properties of D-limonene?

Answer 48

Citrus oil extract Lipid soluble absorbed form the GI and intact skin

Question 49

What is used with D-limonene to potentiate it?

Answer 49

piperonyl butoxide

Question 50

What is the mechanism of action for D-limonene toxicosis?

Answer 50

Unknown | central and peripheral vasodilation due to neuronal mechanism

Question 51

What are the clinical signs of D-limonene toxicosis?

Answer 51

``` Ataxia weakness recumbency paralysis CNS depression hypothermia hypotension Patient smells like Lemons/oranges ```

Question 52

What is the treatment for D-limonene toxicosis?

Answer 52

Keep the animal warm shampooing the skin Decontamination Suppportive treatment

Question 53

What is the prognosis for D-limonene toxicosis?

Answer 53

Excellent in sublethal toxicosis usually is resolved in 6-12 hours