Household chemicals Flashcards
What are the sources of Ethanol toxicosis?
Ingestion of ethanol containing beverages, fermeted bread dough, rotten gruits, and ethanol containing shampoos
What is the source of methanol toxicosis?
Ingestion of methanol containing automotive windshield fluid antifreeze or paint remover
What are the properties of alcohol?
Volatile
Irritant
High lipid soluble
What is the cause of ethanol toxicosis in calves, lambs, and pigs?
yeast fermentation in the Gi tract
What are the toxicokinetics of alcohol toxicosis?
Readily absorbed orally and food delays absorption
Ethanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate
What is the mechanism of action for alcohol toxicosis?
Ethanol and methanol cause CNS depression Acetaldehyde has vasodilator action and induces vomiting
Acetate causes metabolic acidosis
Ethanol inhibits ADH
What are the clinical signs of acute alcohol toxicosis?
CNS depression vocalization excitement disorientation vomiting Polydipsia dehydration
What are the clinical signs of chronic alcohol toxicosis?
Liver and Kidney damage
What are the Postmortem lesions associated with alcohol toxicosis?
Congestion of GI mucosa, liver, kidneys, and lungs
What are the laboratory findings associated with alcohol toxicosis?
Blood alcohol levels
Hypoglycemia
What is the treatment for alcohol toxicosis?
Ethanol and fomepizole can be used as an antidote
Emetics
Supportive and Symptomatic treatment - IV injection of thiamine
Sodium bicarbonate in LRS
What else is involved in the treatment of alcohol toxicosis?
Assisted ventilation
Naloxone may be used to antagonize CNS depression
Body temperature should be monitored
What are the uses for Phenolic compounds?
Disinfectants, antiseptics, germicides, creosote, and household cleaners
Why are cats more sensitive to Phenolic compounds?
deficient in conjugation to glucuronic acid
What are the toxicokinetics of Phenolic compounds?
Readily absorbed in the GI tract
poor absorption from the skin
Metabolized in the liver by conjugation
Metabolites excreted in urine
What is the mechanism of action of Phenolic compounds?
Phenols denature and precipitate cellular proteins
Direct irritation causing coagulative necrosis
Stimulate the respiratory center causing hypoventilation
Hepatotoxic, Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic
What are the clinical signs of Phenolic compounds?
Ataxia weakness tremors coma seizures methemoglobinemia respiratory alkalosis icterus phenolic odor in expired air or skin
What are the clinical signs of dermal exposure of Phenolic compounds?
coagulative necrosis
ulcers
white plaques associated with intense pain
what are the clinical signs of ocular exposure with Phenolic compounds?
corneal ulcerations
What are the lesions associated with Phenolic compounds?
Ulceration and necrosis of GI mucosa and the skin
Liver and kidney changes
severe centrilobular hyperemia, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver
Renal tubular degeneration and necrosis
What are the laboratory findings of Phenolic compounds?
detected in urine unchanged or as metabolites
Proteinuria
hematuria
What is the treatment for Phenolic compounds toxicosis?
Detoxification:
Milk, egg whites, or water followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics
The skin should be decontaminated with liquid dish soap and applying polyethylene glycol or glycerol
Supportive treatment:
Acetylcysteine to prevent liver and kidney damage
Methylene blue IV
ocular exposure: Flush eyes 20-30mins with isotonic isothermic saline
Nonionic detergents
found in soap and laundry and dishwashing detergents
Anionic detergents
Sulfonated or phosphorylated hydrocarbons
Ex: Laundry detergents, dishwasher detergents, and some shampoos
Cationic detergents
Quaternary compounds that contain halogen
Ex: fabric softener, liquid potpurri, germicides, sanitizers
What is the toxicity of most soaps and anionic or nonionic detergents?
Low oral toxicity at low exposure
low irritation
What are the most toxic detergents?
Highly alkaline detergents
Cationic detergents
What is the mechanism of action for detergents?
Direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes
Quaternary ammonium compounds may be corrosive and may cause systemic toxicity
What are the clinical signs of detergent toxicosis?
Nausea vomiting diarrhea colic Quaternary ammonium compounds may cause severe GI signs, dehydration, shock, and collapse Dermal exposure may cause irritation
What is the treatment of Detergent toxicosis?
Detoxification:
Anionic: Milk, water, vinegar, or activated charcoal to dilute and neutralize the alkaline
Supportive Treatment: GI protectants and demulcents and analgesics
Life support in severe exposure
What is the mechanism of action of bleach toxicosis?
chlorine bleaches cause release of chlorine or chloramine gas and hypochlorous acid
Concentrated solutions are highly corrosive to mucus membranes
What are the clinical signs of bleach toxicosis?
oropharyngeal, GI, and respiratory irritation
May smell of chlorine
What is the treatment for bleach toxicosis?
Milk and water
Magnesium oxide to neutralize stomach acids
Symptomatic and supportive treatment
wash dermal exposure with soap and water
Xylitol
a sugar alcohol looks and tastes like sugar
a sugar substitute in sugar-free chewing gums, candy, and diabetic diets
What are the toxicokinetics of Xylitol?
absorbed slowly from the GI tract
can be converted to glucose then glycogen in liver
What is the mechanism of action of Xylitol?
potent promotoer of insulin release in dogs resulting in hypoglycemia and hypokalemia
Large doses can cause liver failure, GI hemorrhage, and DIC
What are the clinical signs of Xylitol toxicosis?
weakness ataxia collapse seizures vomiting diarrhea icterus intestinal hemorrhage Large amount may cause Liver Failure and DIC
What are the lesions associated with Xylitol toxicosis?
Liver failure: Petechial, ecchymotic, or Gi hemorrhage
Severe hepatocyte loss of atrophy and hepatic necrosis
What are the laboratory findings associated with Xylitol toxicosis?
Hypoglycemia
Elevated Liver enzymes
Liver failure: Hypoglycemia, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hyperphosphatemia, prolonged clotting times and thrombocytopenia
What is the treatment for xylitol toxicosis?
Decontamination by inducing vomiting 50% dextrose IV Antiemetics for vomiting Fluid therapy antibiotics antacids and GI protectants
What are Methylxanthine alkaloids?
Caffeine
theophylline
theobromine
What are the toxicokinetics of Methylxanthine?
readily absorbed from the GI tract
widely distributed throughout the body
Metabolized in the liver and undergo enterohepatic recycling
excreted in urine unchanged
What is the mechanism of action of Methylxanthine toxicosis?
Competitive inhibition of adenosine
Inhibition of cellular phosphodiesterase causing an increase in cAMP
Stimulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla
Inhibition of calcium sequestration within the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Increase of calcium entry into cardiac and skeletal muscle cells
What are the clinical signs of Methylxanthine toxicosis?
Restlessness Hyperactivity PU/PD Urinary incontinence Vomiting tachycardia hypertension weakness ataxia diarrhea cardiac arrhythmias seizures
What are the laboratory findings associated with Methylxanthine toxicosis?
Hypokalemia
Methylxanthines can be detected in stomach contents, plasma serum, urine, and liver
What is the treatment for Methylxanthine toxicosis?
Early decontamination by inducing vomiting Activated Charcoal to prevent further absorption and it is recommended to continue activated charcoal treatments
Supportive treatment
IV fluid therapy to prevent dehydration and to enhance urinary excretion
Diazepam IV to treat seizures
What is D-limonene used for?
Control of lice, flea and ticks
Food fragrant
What are the properties of D-limonene?
Citrus oil extract
Lipid soluble
absorbed form the GI and intact skin
What is used with D-limonene to potentiate it?
piperonyl butoxide
What is the mechanism of action for D-limonene toxicosis?
Unknown
central and peripheral vasodilation due to neuronal mechanism
What are the clinical signs of D-limonene toxicosis?
Ataxia weakness recumbency paralysis CNS depression hypothermia hypotension Patient smells like Lemons/oranges
What is the treatment for D-limonene toxicosis?
Keep the animal warm
shampooing the skin
Decontamination
Suppportive treatment
What is the prognosis for D-limonene toxicosis?
Excellent in sublethal toxicosis usually is resolved in 6-12 hours
