Feed-Related Toxicants

Question 1

What is the most commonly used Nonprotein Nitrogen Source?

Answer 1

Urea

Question 2

What does Urea change into in the rumen?

Answer 2

Ammonia

CO2

Question 3

What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea?

Answer 3

Alkaline pH

Question 4

What species are most susceptible to Urea toxicosis?

Answer 4

Horses

Cattle

Question 5

What is the most toxic of all Non-protein nitrogen sources?

Answer 5

Urea

Question 6

What is the usually concentration of urea in food rations?

Answer 6

1%

Question 7

What factors increase toxicity or urea?

Answer 7

Fasting 
Dehydration 
Feeds rich in urease (soybeans)
Hepatic insufficiency 
Diet low in energy and protein but high in fiber

Question 8

How is urea excreted?

Answer 8

Urine

Question 9

What does too much ammonia in the liver cause?

Answer 9

Hyperammonemia

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action with urea toxicosis?

Answer 10

Ammonia inhibits the citric acid cycle resulting in lack of energy and decreased cellular respiration and tissue damage

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of Urea toxicosis?

Answer 11

Restlessness
Aggression 
Muscle tremors
Salivation 
Teeth grinding 
colic
bloat 
rumen stasis 
sternal recumbency while standing on hind legs
convulsions 
Death within 1-2 hours

Question 12

What are ionophores used for?

Answer 12

Anticoccidial in cattle, poultry, and goats
Growth promoter in cattle
Increases Milk Production
Reduction of bloat and rumen acidosis
prevention of tryptophan-induced stypical bovine pulmonary emphysema

Question 13

What are the properties of Ionophores?

Answer 13

Carboxylic acid derivatives
Soluble in water and organic solvents and oil
Form lipid-soluble complexes to move across membranes

Question 14

What is the most common ionophore?

Answer 14

Monensin

Question 15

What is the most sensitive species with ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 15

Horses

Question 16

What metabolizes Ionophores?

Answer 16

P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes

Question 17

How are ionophores excreted?

Answer 17

Bile

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action of ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 18

Disruption of the transmembrane electrochemical gradients
Sequestering of calcium by mitochondria and inhibition of mitochondria and decreased ATP and energy
Increased cytoplasmic Ca
Also catecholamine release resulting in oxidation products and free radicals causing sarcolemmal membrane damage

Question 19

What is the main target of ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 19

Mitochondria of highly energetic tissues

Question 20

What are the clinical signs of Ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 20

RAPID ONSET 
ANorexia 
Profuse sweating 
colic 
depression 
incoordination 
hyperventilation 
tachycardia 
tachyarrythmias
Prostration 
Death

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of cattle ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 21

Anorexia 
diarrhea
depression 
labored breathing 
ataxia 
prostration 
death

Question 22

What are the clinical signs of Poultry Ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 22

Anorexia
Diarrhea
ataxia 
resting on the knees with wings and leg directed outward
decreased aggression

Question 23

What are the clinical signs of Dog Ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 23

Ataxia 
Muscle weakness of hind limbs
respiratory paralysis 
dysuria 
constipation 
depression

Question 24

What are the lesions associated with Ionophore toxicosis in horses?

Answer 24

Pale cardiac muscles

white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium and also in skeletal muscles

Question 25

What is the treatment of Urea toxicosis?

Answer 25

Relieve the bloat Acetic acid or vinegar in cattle or sheep and goats followed by cold water Saline for dehydration Sodium bicarbonate IV for acidosis

Question 26

What are the clinical pathology findings of ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 26

Elevated CPK, AST, LDH, ALP Decreased serum Ca and K Increased PCV

Question 27

What is the treatment for ionophone toxicosis?

Answer 27

Remove medicated feed Activated charcoal Mineral oil Saline cathartics

Question 28

What is the symptomatic treatmets for ionophone toxicosis?

Answer 28

IV fluids Electrolyte therapy Potassium for hypokalemia Monitor cardiac function

Question 29

What is the treatment for muscle damage in cattle and swine from ionophore toxicosis?

Answer 29

Vitamin E and selenium

Question 30

What is the prognosis for ionophore toxicosis in horses?

Answer 30

sedentary lifestyle for horses that survive

Question 31

What are the sources that cause Water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

Answer 31

Feeding brine, whey, or garbage Ingestion of salt-licks Drinking water may contain salt

Question 32

What are the factors that cause excess sodium and water deprivation?

Answer 32

Overcrowding Frozen water Unpalatable (medicated) water Lack of water

Question 33

What are the properties of salt?

Answer 33

Salt taste is attractive to animals | Mild irritant effect on mucous membranes

Question 34

What species is most susceptible to salt poisoning?

Answer 34

Pigs Cattle Poultry

Question 35

What does excess sodium result in?

Answer 35

Hypertonicity of blood and toxicosis

Question 36

What is the mechanism of action for sodium-ion toxicosis?

Answer 36

High sodium in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis resulting in lack of energy necessary for active transport of sodium Sodium trapped in the brain attracts water because of the osmotic gradient resulting in cerebral edema

Question 37

What are the early warning signs of Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 37

Early constipation and thirst

Question 38

What are the clinical signs of Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 38

``` Vomiting polyuria metabolic acidosis Intermittent convulsive seizures Circling, pivoting, and head pressing Blindness Deafness Inability to eat or drink or even recognize water or feed ```

Question 39

What are clinical signs of Sodium ion poisoning in poultry?

Answer 39

Depression Ascites Collapse

Question 40

What are the lesions associated with Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 40

``` Gastric congestion or inflammation with pin point ulcers filled with clotted blood Edema Prominent cerebral edema eosinophilic meningoencephalitis perivascular cuffing ```

Question 41

What are the clinical pathology findings associated with Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 41

High Serum and CSF sodium concentrations | Brain sodium concentrations above 2000ppm

Question 42

What is the treatment for Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 42

Giving small amounts of fresh water gradually over 2-3 days IV fluids (5% dextrose) and furosemide in small animals Anticonvulsants

Question 43

What is the prognosis of Sodium ion poisoning?

Answer 43

Poor | Mortality is 50%