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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Feed-Related Toxicants > Flashcards

Feed-Related Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most commonly used Nonprotein Nitrogen Source?

A

Urea

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2
Q

What does Urea change into in the rumen?

A

Ammonia

CO2

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3
Q

What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea?

A

Alkaline pH

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4
Q

What species are most susceptible to Urea toxicosis?

A

Horses

Cattle

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5
Q

What is the most toxic of all Non-protein nitrogen sources?

A

Urea

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6
Q

What is the usually concentration of urea in food rations?

A

1%

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7
Q

What factors increase toxicity or urea?

A 
Fasting 
Dehydration 
Feeds rich in urease (soybeans)
Hepatic insufficiency 
Diet low in energy and protein but high in fiber
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8
Q

How is urea excreted?

A

Urine

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9
Q

What does too much ammonia in the liver cause?

A

Hyperammonemia

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action with urea toxicosis?

A

Ammonia inhibits the citric acid cycle resulting in lack of energy and decreased cellular respiration and tissue damage

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Urea toxicosis?

A 
Restlessness
Aggression 
Muscle tremors
Salivation 
Teeth grinding 
colic
bloat 
rumen stasis 
sternal recumbency while standing on hind legs
convulsions 
Death within 1-2 hours
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12
Q

What are ionophores used for?

A

Anticoccidial in cattle, poultry, and goats
Growth promoter in cattle
Increases Milk Production
Reduction of bloat and rumen acidosis
prevention of tryptophan-induced stypical bovine pulmonary emphysema

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13
Q

What are the properties of Ionophores?

A

Carboxylic acid derivatives
Soluble in water and organic solvents and oil
Form lipid-soluble complexes to move across membranes

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14
Q

What is the most common ionophore?

A

Monensin

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15
Q

What is the most sensitive species with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Horses

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16
Q

What metabolizes Ionophores?

A

P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes

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17
Q

How are ionophores excreted?

A

Bile

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Disruption of the transmembrane electrochemical gradients
Sequestering of calcium by mitochondria and inhibition of mitochondria and decreased ATP and energy
Increased cytoplasmic Ca
Also catecholamine release resulting in oxidation products and free radicals causing sarcolemmal membrane damage

19
Q

What is the main target of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Mitochondria of highly energetic tissues

20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ionophore toxicosis?

A 
RAPID ONSET 
ANorexia 
Profuse sweating 
colic 
depression 
incoordination 
hyperventilation 
tachycardia 
tachyarrythmias
Prostration 
Death
21
Q

What are the clinical signs of cattle ionophore toxicosis?

A 
Anorexia 
diarrhea
depression 
labored breathing 
ataxia 
prostration 
death
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Poultry Ionophore toxicosis?

A 
Anorexia
Diarrhea
ataxia 
resting on the knees with wings and leg directed outward
decreased aggression
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of Dog Ionophore toxicosis?

A 
Ataxia 
Muscle weakness of hind limbs
respiratory paralysis 
dysuria 
constipation 
depression
24
Q

What are the lesions associated with Ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A

Pale cardiac muscles

white streaks of necrosis in the myocardium and also in skeletal muscles

25
Q

What is the treatment of Urea toxicosis?

A

Relieve the bloat
Acetic acid or vinegar in cattle or sheep and goats followed by cold water
Saline for dehydration
Sodium bicarbonate IV for acidosis

26
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Elevated CPK, AST, LDH, ALP
Decreased serum Ca and K
Increased PCV

27
Q

What is the treatment for ionophone toxicosis?

A

Remove medicated feed
Activated charcoal
Mineral oil
Saline cathartics

28
Q

What is the symptomatic treatmets for ionophone toxicosis?

A

IV fluids
Electrolyte therapy
Potassium for hypokalemia
Monitor cardiac function

29
Q

What is the treatment for muscle damage in cattle and swine from ionophore toxicosis?

A

Vitamin E and selenium

30
Q

What is the prognosis for ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A

sedentary lifestyle for horses that survive

31
Q

What are the sources that cause Water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Feeding brine, whey, or garbage
Ingestion of salt-licks
Drinking water may contain salt

32
Q

What are the factors that cause excess sodium and water deprivation?

A

Overcrowding
Frozen water
Unpalatable (medicated) water
Lack of water

33
Q

What are the properties of salt?

A

Salt taste is attractive to animals

Mild irritant effect on mucous membranes

34
Q

What species is most susceptible to salt poisoning?

A

Pigs
Cattle
Poultry

35
Q

What does excess sodium result in?

A

Hypertonicity of blood and toxicosis

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sodium-ion toxicosis?

A

High sodium in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis resulting in lack of energy necessary for active transport of sodium
Sodium trapped in the brain attracts water because of the osmotic gradient resulting in cerebral edema

37
Q

What are the early warning signs of Sodium ion poisoning?

A

Early constipation and thirst

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sodium ion poisoning?

A 
Vomiting 
polyuria
metabolic acidosis
Intermittent convulsive seizures 
Circling, pivoting, and head pressing 
Blindness
Deafness
Inability to eat or drink or even recognize water or feed
39
Q

What are clinical signs of Sodium ion poisoning in poultry?

A

Depression
Ascites
Collapse

40
Q

What are the lesions associated with Sodium ion poisoning?

A 
Gastric congestion or inflammation with pin point ulcers filled with clotted blood 
Edema 
Prominent cerebral edema 
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis 
perivascular cuffing
41
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings associated with Sodium ion poisoning?

A

High Serum and CSF sodium concentrations

Brain sodium concentrations above 2000ppm

42
Q

What is the treatment for Sodium ion poisoning?

A

Giving small amounts of fresh water gradually over 2-3 days
IV fluids (5% dextrose) and furosemide in small animals
Anticonvulsants

43
Q

What is the prognosis of Sodium ion poisoning?

A

Poor

Mortality is 50%

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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