Toxic Gases Flashcards by Kimberlee Ward

What are the sources for Ammonia gas?

Decomposing manure
Burning nylon/plastics
fertilizer

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What are the properties of Ammonia?

sharp odor
heavier than air
soluble in water
readily reacts with hydroxyl ions in moist mucous membranes to form ammonium hydroxide which is irritant and caustic

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What is ammonia converted to on mucous membranes?

Ammonium hydroxide

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How is ammonia absorbed?

Inhalation

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What is the mechanism of action of Ammonia toxicosis?

Direct irritation of membranes
Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections due to continuous irritation 
Decreases growth in young animals 
inhibits the TCA cycle 
pulmonary edema and lung congestion

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What is the cause of death due to in Ammonia toxicosis?

asphyxia

electrolyte and cellular metabolic effects

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What are the clinical signs of Ammonia toxicosis?

Red mucous membranes
lacrimation 
coughing 
sneezing 
nasal discharge
decreased growth 
decreased egg production 
dyspnea due to fluid in lungs 
cyanosis 
CNS stimulation 
clonic convulsions

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What is the treatment for Ammonia toxicosis?

Removal of source
Fresh air 
soothing ointments to eyes 
antibiotics for 2ndary infections 
Diuretics

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What is the source of Hydrogen sulfide?

decomposition of urine and feces
coal pits, gas wells, sulphur springs
Liquid manure holding pits
Natural gas and crude oil production

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What is the most dangerous sewage gas?

Hydrogen Sulfide

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At what level is Hydrogen Sulfide immediately fatal?

400ppm

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What levels can poultry withstand of Hydrogen Sulfide?

4000ppm

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What is Hydrogen Sulfide converted to in the blood?

Alkali sulfides

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Where is Hydrogen Sulfide readily absorbed?

Lungs

GI tract

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What is the mechanism of action of Hydrogen Sulfide toxicosis?

Direct irritation of mucous membranes
Inhibition of cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome oxidate
Stimulation of chemoreceptors of the carotid body interfering with respiratory drive

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What are the clinical signs of Hydrogen Sulfide toxicosis?

sudden collapse
cyanosis
dyspnea
anoxic convulsions
rapid death 
irritation to ocular, respiratory mucosa and lungs

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What are the lesions associated with Hydrogen Sulfide toxicosis?

Dark blood that may not clot
Tissues may be dark or greenish purple
Carcass may have H2S odor
GI contents may be black or dark gray with sewage odor

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What does Hydrogen Sulfide react with?

Silver
Iron
Lead

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How do you treat Hydrogen Sulfide toxicosis?

Removal of source
Sodium Nitrate IV
Oxygen therapy 
ventilation 
supportive treatment

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What are the sources of Carbon Monoxide?

Fires
Propane
Automobile exhaust

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What are the properties of Carbon Monoxide?

Odorless

Colorless

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What is important to remember about Carbon Monoxide?

Smaller animals have faster breathing rate and smaller Vd so may show toxicity before humans
“Canary in the coal mine”

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What is the mechanism of action of Carbon Monoxide?

CO combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin which cannot carry O2
Carboxyhemoglobin interferes with normal release of O2 carried by normal hemoglobin
competes with oxygen for binding on myoglobin
leads to free radical formation and attraction of leuocytes

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What are the clinical signs of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Sudden death 
Hypoxia 
drowsiness
incoordination 
dyspnea
lethargy 
coma

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What are moderate concentrations of carbon monoxide associated with in swine and sheep?

stillborn fetuses

What lesions are associated with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Bright red blood and pink mucous membranes

What lesions do you see in chronic cases of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

brain edema hemorrhage necrosis deafness in dogs and cats

What do you measure for laboratory findings associated with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Percentage of carboxyhemoglobin

What is the treatment for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Oxygen Blood transfusion Fluids for acidosis

What are the two forms of Nitrogen Oxide?

Nitrogen dioxide | Nitrogen tetraoxide

What is the name for the disease caused by Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

"Silo filler's disease"

What is a source of Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

Silo fermentation

What are properties of Nitrogen Oxide?

NO2 - reddish brown N2O4 - colorless NO2 is heavier than air irritating chlorine-like odor

What does Nitrogen Oxide form in water?

HNO3 - Nitric acid | NO - Nitric oxide

What does smog convert Nitrogen Oxide to?

NO2 | O3 (Ozone)

What is more toxic, acute exposure at high levels or chronic exposure at low concentrations of Nitrogen Oxide?

Acute exposure to high concentrations

What does NO2 adn N2O4 form on contact with mucous membranes?

Nitric acid

What does Nitric acid cause in the lungs?

cellular damage in the lungs

What is the mechanism of action of Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

Direct irritation of the mucous membranes | Lung damage

What is the cause of Death with Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

Hypoxia

What are the clinical signs of Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

``` Irritation of the mucous membranes Pulmonary edema hemorrhage emphysema inflammation of the bronchioles cyanosis methemoglobinemia necrosis of skeletal muscles ```

What is the treatment for Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

Supportive treatment: Fresh air, oxygen, diuretics, antioxidants Methylene Blue IB for methemoglobinemia Ointments for mucous membranes

What is the prognosis for Nitrogen Oxide Poisoning?

Low if acutely exposed | Higher if chronically exposed

What are the forms of Sulfur Oxide?

Sulfur Dioxide | Sulfure trioxide

What is the source of Sulfur Oxide?

Fossil fuels combustion

What are the properties of Sulfur Oxide?

Sharp irritant to mucous membranes | rotten egg odor

What does Sulfur Oxide cause on contact with water?

Sulfurous and sulfuric acids

What is the mechanism of action for Sulfur Oxide Toxicosis?

Direct irritation of the mucous membranes and reflex bronchoconstriction Lung damage

What is the cause of death with Sulfur Oxide Poisoning?

Hypoxia

What are the clinical signs of Sulfur Oxide Poisoning?

irritation to mucous membranes | effects on respiration

What is the treatment for Sulfur Oxide Poisoning?

Fresh air ventilation oxygen ointment for mucous membranes

What is the cause of toxicity of Smoke inhalation?

``` Mixture of substances burning/combusting Temperature of the fire Length of exposure Availability of oxygen Size of the animal ```

What enhances toxicity of smoke inhalation?

Burns in the respiratory tissue

Simple asphyxiants

iner (CO2) gases or vapors that displace oxygen in air and have low concentrations and low physiological effect

Chemical asphyxiants

prevent uptake of oxygen and produce toxic local and systemic effects

Irritants

chemically reactive on contact with MM to cause local effects

What are examples of Simple asphyxiants?

CO2 | Methane

What are examples of Chemicals

CO HCN HSH NO

What are clinical signs of smoke inhalation?

Cough dyspnea tachypnea Lung Auscultation: Rales, Wheezes, decreased breaths sounds, crackles tachycardia hypoxemia Hypotension dysrhythmias Signs of irritation: conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis. drooling, dysphagia CNS signs: agitation, confusion, ataxia, abnormal posturing, loss of consciousness. seizures

What are the lesions associated with Smoke inhalation?

Burns Pulmonary changes cerebral edema lesions associated with CO poisoning

What is the treatment for smoke inhalation?

``` Removal of smoke Beta 2 adrenergic agonists for bronchoconstriction NO STEROIDS! AVOID Cough suppressants Maintain patent airway and oxygenation NSAIDs IV fluids ```

Soot

Finely divided carbonaceous particulate matter suspended in the gases and hot air of smoke

What adheres to soot?

Sulfur dioxide

What is the most important determinant of respiratory injury?

Solubility

What do highly soluble particles cause?

Injury to mucosa, inflammatory mediators, and free radicals leading to increased permeability and edema