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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Anticoagulant Rodenticides > Flashcards

Anticoagulant Rodenticides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 1st generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Warfarin
Pindone
Chlorphacinone

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2
Q

What are the 2nd generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Brodifacoum
Diphacinone
Bromodialone

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3
Q

How are animals exposed to Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Ingestion
Relay (Secondary) toxicosis
Malicious poisoning

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4
Q

Secondary Toxicosis

A

eating poisoned rodents

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5
Q

What is special about the toxicity of 1st generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

most toxic when ingested daily for about a week

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6
Q

What is special about the toxicity of 2nd generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

effective after one dose

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7
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Properties

A

Odorless
Colorless
Resistant to the environment for weeks to months

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8
Q

What are the factors enhancing toxicity of Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Vitamin K deficiency
Liver disease
enzyme inhibitors
concurrent use of drugs that may displace the anticoagulant from protein binding sites
Concurrent factors that cause hemorrhage, anemia, hemolysis, trauma, surgery
Administration of steroids or thyroxine may increase receptor site affinity

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9
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticides toxicokinetics

A 
largely bound to plasma proteins
Higher concentrations in the liver 
Metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation 
Crosses the placenta
excreted in milk
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10
Q

When do Anticoagulant Rodenticides reach peak blood levels?

A

6-12 hours

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11
Q

What is the half life of the 1st generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

19 hours

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12
Q

What is the half life of the 2nd generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

108-144hours

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase

Reduced carboxylation and activation of precursors of clotting factors II,IV, IX, X (1972)

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14
Q

What factors are affected by Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Factors X,IX,VII, II

“1972”

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15
Q

When do you see clinical signs of Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

1-5 days

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Signs of hemorrhage: Epistaxis, bloody discharge from orifices, hematuria, bleeding from venipuncture, hematomas, weakness, shock, tachypnea, anorexia, lethargy

17
Q

What does Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis cause in cattle?

A

Abortion (placental hemorrhage)

18
Q

What are the lesions seen in Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Intrapulmonary, intrathoracic/abdominal hemorrhage, petechiation, ecchymosis

19
Q

Where do you detect Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis in live animals?

A

blood
plasma
serum

20
Q

Where do you detect Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis in a dead animal?

A

Liver
GI contents
vomitus
sample of bait

21
Q

What are the clinical pathology signs seen in Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A 
Prolongation of: 
ACT
PTT
PT
PIVKA
22
Q

ACT

A

Activated Clotting time

23
Q

PT

A

One stage prothrombin time

24
Q

APTT

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time

25
Q

PIVKA

A

Proteins induced by vitamin K antagonists

26
Q

What are other laboratory signs seen with Anticoagulant Rodenticides?

A

Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Hypoproteinemia
Radiographic changes from hemorrhage

27
Q

How do you treat Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Oral Vitamin K 1 therapy
Decontamination: Emesis if recently ingested
Administering clotting factors (Fresh Frozen Plasma)

28
Q

How do you treat a patient with bleeding and a PCV greater than 15-20% and stable from Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Vitamin K therapy
Clotting factors
Fresh Whole Blood

29
Q

How do you treat a patient with bleeding and a PCV less than 15% and unstable from Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Give clotting factors
Fresh Whole Blood or Fresh Frozen Plasma
Vitamin K
Supportive Care

30
Q

How long should the treatment continue for?

A

Warfarin = 1 week

2nd generation = 4 weeks

31
Q

What is the prognosis for Anticoagulant Rodenticide toxicosis?

A

Generally treatable depending on where the hemorrhage is

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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