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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Organophosphates > Flashcards

Organophosphates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses for Organophosphates?

A 
Animal and plant insecticides
insecticide synergists
antihelmintics
antiglaucoma 
Soil nematocides
fungicides
herbicides
rodenticides
insect repellants
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2
Q

What are the sources for Organophosphates?

A

Contaminated feed or water
Empty pesticide containers used for feeding and watering animals
Dusting or spraying animals or animal premises
Overdosing

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of Organophosphates?

A

Irreversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase

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4
Q

What is the most common organophosphate?

A

Malathion

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5
Q

How long do Organophosphates persist in the environment?

A

2-4 weeks

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6
Q

What is “Storage Activation”?

A

If sealed and stored 1-2 years it is more toxic

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7
Q

What is the solubility of Organophosphates?

A

Lipid soluble

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8
Q

What is the difference between Technical grade and pure compounds?

A

Technical grades are more toxic

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9
Q

What are the two types of Organophosphates?

A

Phosphates

Thiophosphates

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10
Q

Phosphates

A

biologically active

direct effect on Acetylcholinesterase activity

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11
Q

Thiphosphates

A

require hepatic activation

Desulfurated by liver enzymes

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12
Q

What are thiophosphates transformed into?

A

-oxon metabolites

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13
Q

Are Thiophosphates biologically active?

A

NO

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14
Q

What is the solubility of Thiophosphates?

A

Lipid Soluble

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15
Q

What is the major route of elimination of Thiophosphates?

A

paraoxonase

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16
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of Organophosphates?

A

Lipophilic
Metabolized in the Liver
Lethal Synthesis of Thiophosphates in the Liver

17
Q

How are Organophosphates absorbed?

A

Dermally
Orally
Inhaled

18
Q

What can continued exposure of Organophosphates lead to?

A

Adaption to decreased acetylcholinesterase

Receptor down-regulation or decrease in acetylcholine receptor

19
Q

What are the 3 steps of Irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase

A
  1. Muscarinic receptor over stimulation
  2. Nicotinic receptor over stimulation
  3. Nicotinic blockade
20
Q

High exposure to Organophosphates can lead to what?

A

respiratory failure
paralysis
death

21
Q

What are the Muscarinic clinical signs of Organophosphates?

A 
Diarrhea
Urination 
Miosis
Bronchospasm
Emesis
Lacrimation 
Salivation

“DUMBELS”

22
Q

What are the Nicotinic clinical signs of Organophosphates?

A

Fasciculations of muscles
Sweating
Hypertension
tachycardia

23
Q

What are the CNS clinical signs of Organophosphates?

A

Increased sensory and behavioral disturbances
incoordination
depressed motor function
respiratory depression

24
Q

What are usually the clinical signs that lead to death?

A

Respiratory failure from increased pulmonary secretions

25
Q

What are the delayed effects of Organophosphates?

A

10-14 days after exposure
muscle weakness
ataxia
rear limb paralysis

26
Q

Organophosphate-induced intermediate syndrome

A

2-4 days after acute cholinergic effect
NO muscarinic or muscle fasciculations
Weakness of respiratory muscles and accessory muscles including neck muscles and of proximal limb muscles

27
Q

What kind of inhibition does Organophosphates cause?

A

Non-competitive inhibitiom

28
Q

What tissues do you detect Organophosphates in?

A

Stomach or rumen contents

analysis of the hair and skin

29
Q

What is a laboratory test for diagnosis of Organophosphates toxicosis?

A

Plasma Acetylcholinesterase activity level

30
Q

What is a clinical test for diagnosis of Organophosphates toxicosis?

A

Atropine Response Test

31
Q

What are the signs seen in an animal with the atropine test that is negative for Organophosphate toxicosis?

A

Dry skin and mucous membranes
increased heart rate
dilated pupils
decreased bowel sounds

32
Q

How do you treat Organophosphates toxicosis?

A

Decontaminate: Emesis, Activated Charcoal, or Bathing the animal
Supportive care
Atropine
Cholinesterase reactivators - “oximes”

33
Q

What drugs do you avoid with Organophosphate toxicosis?

A

phenothiazines
aminoglycosides
muscle relaxants
opoids

34
Q

How do you treat Organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy?

A

Symptomatic therapy ONLY

35
Q

How do you treat Organophosphate induced intermediate syndrome?

A

Supportive care

2-PAM chloride - “oximes”

36
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of 2-PAM chloride “oximes”?

A

binds to Organophosphate inactivated acetylcholinesterase to reverse Organophosphate binding

37
Q

What is the prognosis of Organophosphates?

A

Good if presented alive with no clinical signs
Treatable, if presented with mild to moderate clinical signs
If presented with multiple clinical signs, level of various treatments may depend on finances

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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