Toxic Principles in Plants Flashcards
What are the plants that have Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?
Chinese Evergreen Flamingo Plant Caladium Dumbcane Pothos, Devil's Ivy Philodendron varieties Arrowhead vine, nephythytis Calla lily, arum lily Fishtail palm
What is the mechanism of action for Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?
The plant cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation
What are the plants that have Soluble Calcium Oxalates?
Greasewood
Lamb’s Quaters
Soursop
Pigweed
What is the mechanism of action for Soluble Calcium Oxalates?
Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
What are the plants that have Isocupressic acid?
Ponderosa Pine
What is the mechanism of action for Isocupressic acid?
vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion
What are the clinical signs for Isocupressic acid?
Abortion in cattle
What are the plants that have Quinones?
St. John’s Wart
Buckwheat
What is the mechanism of action for Quinones?
Primary photosensitization due to the presence of photodynamic substances in the blood and exposure to sunlight in genetically predisposed animals
What are the clinical signs of Quinones?
Erythema and pruritis
edema
necrosis of the skin
What are the plants that have Tannic acid (tannins)?
Oak tree
Pride of Barbados
What is the mechanism of action for Tannic Acid (tannins)?
Tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
What are the clinical signs of Tannic acid?
Cattle: Constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
Monogastrics: GI signs, colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus
What are the plants that have Triterpene acids?
Lantana
What is the mechanism of action for Triterpene acids?
Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
Lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
Decreased elimination of phylloerythrin
What are the clinical signs of Triterpene acids?
Ruminants are susceptible and horses are resistant depression anorexia constipation diarrhea icterus photophobia erythema of skin swelling necrosis sloughing
What are the plants that have Colchicine?
Autumn crocus
Meadow saffron
What is the mechanism of action for Colchicine?
Antimitotic by binding to tubuin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
What are the clinical signs of Colchicine?
GI signs CV signs Renal failure respiratory signs Hepatic failure Seizure and neuronal signs Coagulopathies Myelosuppression
What are the plants that have Diterpene alkaloids?
Larkspur, Delphinium
Monkshood
Aconite
What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene alkalods?
Competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare
What are the clinical signs of Diterpene alkaloids?
Sudden death in cattle muscle weakness stiffness staggering bloating recumbency collpase
What are the clinical signs for Monkshood?
cardiac arrhythmias
What is the antidote for Diterpene alkaloids?
Physostigmine or neostigmine
What are the plants that have Ergot Alkaloids?
Ergot
What is the mechanism of action for Ergot Alkaloids?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene
Uterine contraction
What are the plants that have Indolizidine alkaloids?
Locoweeds
Milk Vetch
What is the mechanism of action for Indolizidine alkaloids?
inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
Alteration of cellular function in the brain
What do Locoweeds contain?
neurotoxic alkaloids
What are the clinical signs of Indolizidine Alkaloids?
depression incoordination ataxia circling abnormal behavior infertility congenital defects heart failure weight loss poor performance decreased immune function
Locoism
Neuronal Signs from ingestion of Locoweed
What are the plants that have Lycorine?
Narcissus
What is the mechanism of action for Lycorine?
Emetic and purgative
What are the clinical signs of Lycorine?
GI signs: anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension
What part of Narcissus is the most toxic?
The bulb
What are the plants that have Muscarine?
Poisonous Mushrooms
What is the mechanism of action for Muscarine?
Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
What is the treatment for Muscarine?
Atropine
Symptomatic treatment and decontamination
Describe the mushroom that contains Muscarine?
Red Mushroom with Yellow Dots
What is the mushroom that contains Muscarine?
Amanita phalloides - Death Cap
What are the plants that have Piperidine Alkaloids?
Poison hemlock
Tobacco
What is the mechanism of action for Piperidine Alkaloids?
nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade
What are the clinical signs of Piperidine Alkaloids?
Ataxia
Incoordination
birth defects
What are the plants that have Pyridine alkaloids?
Nightshade Family: Lobelia
What is the mechanism of action for Pyridine Alkaloids?
act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS
What are the clinical signs of Pyridine Alkaloids?
Excitation Salivation Lacrimation vomiting diarrhea tachypnea Muscle twitching muscle weakness dyspnea respiratory failure
What are the plants that have Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?
Rattlebox
Ragwort
What is the mechanism of action for Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?
Hepatotoxic
What are the plants that have Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?
Nightshade Family:
Black Nightshade
American Nightshade
Chinese lantern
What is the mechanism of action for Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?
GI signs
CNS signs
respiratory signs
cardiac signs
What are the plants that have Taxine alkaloids?
Japanese Yew
What is the mechanism of action for Taxine alkaloids?
Cardiotoxic
GI signs
What are the plants that have Tropane alkaloids?
Jimson weed
Devil’s Trumpet
Angel’s Trumpet
Henbane
What are the plants that have Xanthine alkaloids?
Cocoa
Coffee
What is the mechanism of action for Xanthine Alkaloids?
Blocking adenosine receptors
Inhibiting phosphodiesterase
What are the clinical signs of Xanthine Alkaloids?
Salivation vomiting colic diarrhea CNS stimulation convulsive seizures Muscle tremors Tachycardia hypotension urination
What are the plants that have Anthraquinones?
Cascara sagrada
Buckthorn
Coffee weed
What is the mechanism of action for Anthraquinones?
Purgative
What are the clinical signs of Coffeeweed?
skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration adn the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria which may cause kidney damage
What is a differential diagnosis for Coffeeweed?
ionophore toxicosis
What are the plants that have Calcinogenic glycosides?
Day-blooming Jessamine
What is the mechanism of action for Calcinogenic glycosides?
Hypercalcemia
Calcification of the elastic tissues
What are the plants that have Cardiac glycosides?
Foxglove Oleander Yellow oleander, Lucky nut Periwinkle Desert Rose Milkweed Christmas kallanchoe
What is the mechanism of action for Cardiac glycosides?
Cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase
GI irritation
What are the plants that have Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
Cocklebur
What is the mechanism of action for Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
Hepatotoxicity
What are the plants that have Coumarin glycosides?
Sweet Clover
What is the mechanism of action for Coumarin glycosides?
Form dicoumarol “Warfarin” in spoiled or stressed plants
Hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X
What are the plants that have Cyanogenic glycosides?
Wild cherries
Johnsongrass
Sudan grass
Sorghum
What is the mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?
Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
Vasoconstriction
Inhibition of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?
Neuronal degeneration
What are the plants that have Cycasin?
Sago palm
cardboard plant
What is the mechanism of action for Cycasin?
causes GI irritation and liver damage
teratogenic
mutagenic
carcinogenic
Beta-methylamino-L-alanine is a neurotoxic amino acid
Unknown toxin may cause axonal degeneration
What are the clinical signs of Cycasin?
GI and liver disease
Ataxia
CNS syndrome
Cattle: neuronal signs (Zamia staggers)
What are the plants that have Glucosinolate?
Rape seed Broccoli Kale Brussel sprouts turnip cauliflower Soybean Flax
What is the mechanism of action for Glucosinolate?
Antithyroid - inhibit thyroid transport system
What are the plants that have Nitropropanol glycoside?
Milkvetch
What is the mechanism of action for Nitropropanol glycoside?
Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
What are the clinical signs for Nitropropanol glycoside?
Respiratory and neurologic signs
“Cracker heels or Roaring disease”
Horse - Neurologic signs
What are the plants that have Phytoestrogens?
White clover
Alfalfa
What is the mechanism of action for Phytoestrogens?
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
What are the clinical signs for Phytoestrogens?
Infertility in females
Decreases libido and feminization in males
What are the plants that have Protoanemonin?
Anemone
Ranunculus
Clematis
Helleborus
What is the mechanism of action for Protoanemonin?
volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
causes severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis
What are the plants that have Ptaquilosides?
Bracken Fern
What is the mechanism of action for Ptaquilosides?
Death in precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia
Neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria
Tumors in the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
Thiaminase - causes vitamin B1 deficiency
What are the clinical signs of Thiaminase activity?
Vitamin B1 deficiency which causes neurotoxicity in monogastrics
What does Bracken fern cause in cattle?
Enzootic bovine hematuria due to neoplasm of the urinary tract
What does Bracken fern cause in sheep?
Tumors in the upper digestive tract
Retinal degeneration
What are the plants that have Steroidal saponins?
Lechuguilla
Agave
What is the mechanism of action for Steroidal saponins?
Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin
What are the clinical signs of Ptaquilosides?
Aplastic Anemia
Urinary neoplasm: Hematuria, anemia, tachycardia, and death
Phylloerythrin
a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance
What are the clinical signs of Steroidal saponins?
Photosensitization
liver damage
What plant has Gossypol?
Cottonseed
What is the mechanism of action for Gossypol?
Cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage
Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous
Only free gossypol is toxic
Heat changes the toxic free gossypol to the less toxic protein bound gossypol
What are the clinical signs of Gossypol?
Cardiac toxicity
Male infertility
What are the plants that have Copper?
Clovers
What is the mechanism of action for Copper?
Liver Damage
Hemolysis
methemoglobinemia
What are the plants that have Selenium?
Aster Woody Aster Princess's Plume Milk Vetch Goldenwood Paintbrush Saltbrush Alfalfa Tall grasses
What is the acute mechanism of action for Selenium?
GI irritation
respiratory signs
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Selenium?
Hoof and Hair abnormalities
What are the plants that have Nitrate?
Pigweed Oats Johnson grass Sudan grass Milo Lamb's quarters Alfalfa
What is the acute mechanism of action for Nitrate?
GI irritation
Fetal Methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion
Nitrate oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Nitrate?
Decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion
Reduced performance
What are the plants that have Dimethyl disulfide?
Mustards
What is the mechanism of action for Dimethyl disulfide?
5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide which is reduced by intestinal flora
dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz bodies which normally is prevented by glutathione
What are the clinical signs of Dimethyl Disulfide?
Anemai depression hemoglobinemia hemoglobinuria icterus cyanosis
What are the plants that have Diterpene esters?
Spurge Family: Chenille plant Croton Candelabra "cactus" Poinsettia Pencil tree Sandbox tree
What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene esters?
Diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes
they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
What are the clinical signs of Diterpene esters?
Irritation
Blistering of the skin
GI mucosa leading to salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea with or without blood
What are the plants that have Grayanotoxins?
Rhododendron
Azalea
What is the mechanism of action for Grayanotoxins?
Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells
Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization
What are the clinical signs of Grayanotoxins?
Gi signs depression recumbency tachycardia tachypnea seizures fever aspiration pneumonia leading to death
What are the plants that have Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
Castor Bean
Precatory bean
Black locust
What is the mechanism of action for Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
Ricin and abrin are glycoproteins
Inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
What are the clinical signs of Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
GI signs
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
What are the plants that have Meliatoxins?
Chinaberry
What is the mechanism of action for Meliatoxins?
Enterotoxic
Neurotoxic
What are the clinical signs of Meliatoxins?
GI signs with or without blood
CNS and peripheral neuronal signs
death by respiratory failure
What are the plants that have Propyl disulfide?
Onion Garlic Shallots chives leek
What is the mechanism of action for Propyl disulfide?
Disulfides pproduce oxygen free radicals which cause damage of RBC membranes and hemolysis
Free radicals cause denaturation of hemoglobin resulting in Heinz bodies
What are the clinical signs of Propyl disulfide?
Anorexia ataxia tachycardia tachypnea dyspnea icterus anion odor abortion
What are the plants that have Tetradymol?
Horsebrush
What is the mechanism of action for Tetradymol?
Liver damage that decreases elimination of Phylloerythrin
What are the clinical signs of Tetradymol?
Anorexia depression incoordination dyspnea icterus head pressing skin swelling erythema necrosis and sloughing
What are the plants that have Thiaminase?
Horsetail
Bracken Fern, brake fern
What is the mechanism of action for Thiaminase?
destroyes thaimine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency in monogastric animals
What are the plants that have Triterpenoid saponins?
Alfalfa Holly family Christmas Holly English Ivy Pokeweed
What is the mechanism of action for Triterpenoid saponins?
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa
What are the clinical signs of Triterpenoid saponins?
Salivation anorexia vomiting diarrhea colic hypothermia
What is the chemistry of Resins and Resinoids?
Solid, semisolid, or brittle in room temperature
Easily melted or burned
Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Lack nitrogen group
Glycoresins are resins formed with sugars
Glycoresins
resins formed with sugars
Oleoresins
resins formed with essential oils
What are the plants with Resins or Resinoids?
Milkweeds
Marijuana
Chinaberry
What is the mechanism of action for Resins and Resionoids?
Irritation of the nervous or muscle tissue
What plants have unclassified toxins?
Alsike clover and red clover Avocado Black walnut Forage-induced photo sensitization Grape and Raisins Lily Pigweed Red maple Senna Yellow star thistle Russian knapweed Macademia nuts
What is the mechanism of action for Alsike clover and red clover?
Hepatotoxicity and secondary photo sensitization in horses only
What are the clinical signs of Alsike Clover and red clover?
Lacrimation Photophobia erythema pruritis edema necrosis sloughing of skin
What is the mechanism of action for Avocado?
Cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds
What is the mechanism of action for Black Walnut?
Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causing laminitis
What is the mechanism of action for Forage-induced photo sensitization?
Primary photo sensitization is caused by photo reactive substance form the plant
Secondary photo sensitization from liver damage
What plants have Forage-induced photo sensitization?
Moldy alfalfa
Red Clover
What are the clinical signs of Photo sensitization?
Lacrimation Photophobia erythema pruritis edema necrosis sloughing of skin
What is the mechanism of action for Grapes and Raisins?
Unknown toxin causes renal failure only in dogs
What are the clinical signs associated with Grapes and Raisins?
GI signs
Vomiting
Renal failure
What is the mechanism of action for Easter and Day Lily?
Unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity in ONLY cats!
Gi irritation in cats and dogs
How may leaves of the lily will cause poisoning in a cat?
2 leaves
What is the mechanism of action for Pigweed?
Acute nitrate poisoing causes methemoglobinemia
Chronic nitrate poisoning causes abortion
Soluble oxalates causes hypocalcemia and kidney damage
unknown toxin causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminant, pigs, and horses
What are the clinical signs of Pigweed?
Hypocalcemia Depression Weakness incoordination Renal failure
What is the mechanism of action for Red Maple?
Unknown toxin in dired leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation in horses
Hemoglobin may precipitate in the renal tubules causing renal failure
What are the clinical signs for Red Maple?
Anorexia Depression anemia icterus brown discoloration of mucous membranes hemoglobinuria, cyanosis, dyspnea, and death
What is the mechanism of action for Senna?
Unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic
What plants have Senna?
Coffee Senna
What are the clinical signs of Senna?
Diarrhea Muscle weakness recumbency good appetite myoglobinuria Coffee colored urine tachycardia death
What is the mechanism of action for Yellow Star thistle and Russion Knapweed?
interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain especially substantia nigra and globus pallidua
What is the disease of horses that comes from ingestion of Russian Knapweed or Yellow Star Thistle?
“Chewing Disease”
Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia
What are the clinical signs of Macadamia nuts?
Weakness in the hind limbs depression ataxia tremors hyperthermia lameness recumbency vomiting colic dairrhea pale mucous membranes
What plants cause mechanical injury?
Cactus Family
Jimsonweed seed pods
Cocklebur seed pods
