Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Toxic Principles in Plants > Flashcards

Toxic Principles in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the plants that have Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?

A 
Chinese Evergreen 
Flamingo Plant 
Caladium 
Dumbcane
Pothos, Devil's Ivy 
Philodendron varieties
Arrowhead vine, nephythytis
Calla lily, arum lily 
Fishtail palm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

The plant cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the plants that have Soluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

Greasewood
Lamb’s Quaters
Soursop
Pigweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Soluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the plants that have Isocupressic acid?

A

Ponderosa Pine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signs for Isocupressic acid?

A

Abortion in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the plants that have Quinones?

A

St. John’s Wart

Buckwheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Quinones?

A

Primary photosensitization due to the presence of photodynamic substances in the blood and exposure to sunlight in genetically predisposed animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Quinones?

A

Erythema and pruritis
edema
necrosis of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the plants that have Tannic acid (tannins)?

A

Oak tree

Pride of Barbados

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Tannic Acid (tannins)?

A

Tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tannic acid?

A

Cattle: Constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
Monogastrics: GI signs, colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the plants that have Triterpene acids?

A

Lantana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Triterpene acids?

A

Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
Lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
Decreased elimination of phylloerythrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Triterpene acids?

A 
Ruminants are susceptible and horses are resistant 
depression 
anorexia
constipation 
diarrhea
icterus
photophobia
erythema of skin
swelling
necrosis 
sloughing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the plants that have Colchicine?

A

Autumn crocus

Meadow saffron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Colchicine?

A

Antimitotic by binding to tubuin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colchicine?

A 
GI signs 
CV signs
Renal failure
respiratory signs 
Hepatic failure
Seizure and neuronal signs 
Coagulopathies 
Myelosuppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the plants that have Diterpene alkaloids?

A

Larkspur, Delphinium
Monkshood
Aconite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene alkalods?

A

Competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Diterpene alkaloids?

A 
Sudden death in cattle 
muscle weakness
stiffness
staggering 
bloating 
recumbency 
collpase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical signs for Monkshood?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the antidote for Diterpene alkaloids?

A

Physostigmine or neostigmine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the plants that have Ergot Alkaloids?
Ergot
26
What is the mechanism of action for Ergot Alkaloids?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene | Uterine contraction
27
What are the plants that have Indolizidine alkaloids?
Locoweeds | Milk Vetch
28
What is the mechanism of action for Indolizidine alkaloids?
inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins Alteration of cellular function in the brain
29
What do Locoweeds contain?
neurotoxic alkaloids
30
What are the clinical signs of Indolizidine Alkaloids?
``` depression incoordination ataxia circling abnormal behavior infertility congenital defects heart failure weight loss poor performance decreased immune function ```
31
Locoism
Neuronal Signs from ingestion of Locoweed
32
What are the plants that have Lycorine?
Narcissus
33
What is the mechanism of action for Lycorine?
Emetic and purgative
34
What are the clinical signs of Lycorine?
GI signs: anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension
35
What part of Narcissus is the most toxic?
The bulb
36
What are the plants that have Muscarine?
Poisonous Mushrooms
37
What is the mechanism of action for Muscarine?
Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
38
What is the treatment for Muscarine?
Atropine | Symptomatic treatment and decontamination
39
Describe the mushroom that contains Muscarine?
Red Mushroom with Yellow Dots
40
What is the mushroom that contains Muscarine?
Amanita phalloides - Death Cap
41
What are the plants that have Piperidine Alkaloids?
Poison hemlock | Tobacco
42
What is the mechanism of action for Piperidine Alkaloids?
nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade
43
What are the clinical signs of Piperidine Alkaloids?
Ataxia Incoordination birth defects
44
What are the plants that have Pyridine alkaloids?
Nightshade Family: Lobelia
45
What is the mechanism of action for Pyridine Alkaloids?
act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS
46
What are the clinical signs of Pyridine Alkaloids?
``` Excitation Salivation Lacrimation vomiting diarrhea tachypnea Muscle twitching muscle weakness dyspnea respiratory failure ```
47
What are the plants that have Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?
Rattlebox | Ragwort
48
What is the mechanism of action for Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?
Hepatotoxic
49
What are the plants that have Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?
Nightshade Family: Black Nightshade American Nightshade Chinese lantern
50
What is the mechanism of action for Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?
GI signs CNS signs respiratory signs cardiac signs
51
What are the plants that have Taxine alkaloids?
Japanese Yew
52
What is the mechanism of action for Taxine alkaloids?
Cardiotoxic | GI signs
53
What are the plants that have Tropane alkaloids?
Jimson weed Devil's Trumpet Angel's Trumpet Henbane
54
What are the plants that have Xanthine alkaloids?
Cocoa | Coffee
55
What is the mechanism of action for Xanthine Alkaloids?
Blocking adenosine receptors | Inhibiting phosphodiesterase
56
What are the clinical signs of Xanthine Alkaloids?
``` Salivation vomiting colic diarrhea CNS stimulation convulsive seizures Muscle tremors Tachycardia hypotension urination ```
57
What are the plants that have Anthraquinones?
Cascara sagrada Buckthorn Coffee weed
58
What is the mechanism of action for Anthraquinones?
Purgative
59
What are the clinical signs of Coffeeweed?
skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration adn the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria which may cause kidney damage
60
What is a differential diagnosis for Coffeeweed?
ionophore toxicosis
61
What are the plants that have Calcinogenic glycosides?
Day-blooming Jessamine
62
What is the mechanism of action for Calcinogenic glycosides?
Hypercalcemia | Calcification of the elastic tissues
63
What are the plants that have Cardiac glycosides?
``` Foxglove Oleander Yellow oleander, Lucky nut Periwinkle Desert Rose Milkweed Christmas kallanchoe ```
64
What is the mechanism of action for Cardiac glycosides?
Cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase | GI irritation
65
What are the plants that have Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
Cocklebur
66
What is the mechanism of action for Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
Hepatotoxicity
67
What are the plants that have Coumarin glycosides?
Sweet Clover
68
What is the mechanism of action for Coumarin glycosides?
Form dicoumarol "Warfarin" in spoiled or stressed plants Hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X
69
What are the plants that have Cyanogenic glycosides?
Wild cherries Johnsongrass Sudan grass Sorghum
70
What is the mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?
Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration Vasoconstriction Inhibition of glycolysis and citric acid cycle
71
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?
Neuronal degeneration
72
What are the plants that have Cycasin?
Sago palm | cardboard plant
73
What is the mechanism of action for Cycasin?
causes GI irritation and liver damage teratogenic mutagenic carcinogenic Beta-methylamino-L-alanine is a neurotoxic amino acid Unknown toxin may cause axonal degeneration
74
What are the clinical signs of Cycasin?
GI and liver disease Ataxia CNS syndrome Cattle: neuronal signs (Zamia staggers)
75
What are the plants that have Glucosinolate?
``` Rape seed Broccoli Kale Brussel sprouts turnip cauliflower Soybean Flax ```
76
What is the mechanism of action for Glucosinolate?
Antithyroid - inhibit thyroid transport system
77
What are the plants that have Nitropropanol glycoside?
Milkvetch
78
What is the mechanism of action for Nitropropanol glycoside?
Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
79
What are the clinical signs for Nitropropanol glycoside?
Respiratory and neurologic signs "Cracker heels or Roaring disease" Horse - Neurologic signs
80
What are the plants that have Phytoestrogens?
White clover | Alfalfa
81
What is the mechanism of action for Phytoestrogens?
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
82
What are the clinical signs for Phytoestrogens?
Infertility in females | Decreases libido and feminization in males
83
What are the plants that have Protoanemonin?
Anemone Ranunculus Clematis Helleborus
84
What is the mechanism of action for Protoanemonin?
volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside | causes severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis
85
What are the plants that have Ptaquilosides?
Bracken Fern
86
What is the mechanism of action for Ptaquilosides?
Death in precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia Neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria Tumors in the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep Thiaminase - causes vitamin B1 deficiency
87
What are the clinical signs of Thiaminase activity?
Vitamin B1 deficiency which causes neurotoxicity in monogastrics
88
What does Bracken fern cause in cattle?
Enzootic bovine hematuria due to neoplasm of the urinary tract
89
What does Bracken fern cause in sheep?
Tumors in the upper digestive tract | Retinal degeneration
90
What are the plants that have Steroidal saponins?
Lechuguilla | Agave
91
What is the mechanism of action for Steroidal saponins?
Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin
92
What are the clinical signs of Ptaquilosides?
Aplastic Anemia | Urinary neoplasm: Hematuria, anemia, tachycardia, and death
93
Phylloerythrin
a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance
94
What are the clinical signs of Steroidal saponins?
Photosensitization | liver damage
95
What plant has Gossypol?
Cottonseed
96
What is the mechanism of action for Gossypol?
Cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous Only free gossypol is toxic Heat changes the toxic free gossypol to the less toxic protein bound gossypol
97
What are the clinical signs of Gossypol?
Cardiac toxicity | Male infertility
98
What are the plants that have Copper?
Clovers
99
What is the mechanism of action for Copper?
Liver Damage Hemolysis methemoglobinemia
100
What are the plants that have Selenium?
``` Aster Woody Aster Princess's Plume Milk Vetch Goldenwood Paintbrush Saltbrush Alfalfa Tall grasses ```
101
What is the acute mechanism of action for Selenium?
GI irritation | respiratory signs
102
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Selenium?
Hoof and Hair abnormalities
103
What are the plants that have Nitrate?
``` Pigweed Oats Johnson grass Sudan grass Milo Lamb's quarters Alfalfa ```
104
What is the acute mechanism of action for Nitrate?
GI irritation Fetal Methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion Nitrate oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
105
What is the chronic mechanism of action for Nitrate?
Decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion | Reduced performance
106
What are the plants that have Dimethyl disulfide?
Mustards
107
What is the mechanism of action for Dimethyl disulfide?
5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide which is reduced by intestinal flora dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz bodies which normally is prevented by glutathione
108
What are the clinical signs of Dimethyl Disulfide?
``` Anemai depression hemoglobinemia hemoglobinuria icterus cyanosis ```
109
What are the plants that have Diterpene esters?
``` Spurge Family: Chenille plant Croton Candelabra "cactus" Poinsettia Pencil tree Sandbox tree ```
110
What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene esters?
Diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
111
What are the clinical signs of Diterpene esters?
Irritation Blistering of the skin GI mucosa leading to salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea with or without blood
112
What are the plants that have Grayanotoxins?
Rhododendron | Azalea
113
What is the mechanism of action for Grayanotoxins?
Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells | Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization
114
What are the clinical signs of Grayanotoxins?
``` Gi signs depression recumbency tachycardia tachypnea seizures fever aspiration pneumonia leading to death ```
115
What are the plants that have Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
Castor Bean Precatory bean Black locust
116
What is the mechanism of action for Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
Ricin and abrin are glycoproteins | Inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
117
What are the clinical signs of Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
GI signs | Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
118
What are the plants that have Meliatoxins?
Chinaberry
119
What is the mechanism of action for Meliatoxins?
Enterotoxic | Neurotoxic
120
What are the clinical signs of Meliatoxins?
GI signs with or without blood CNS and peripheral neuronal signs death by respiratory failure
121
What are the plants that have Propyl disulfide?
``` Onion Garlic Shallots chives leek ```
122
What is the mechanism of action for Propyl disulfide?
Disulfides pproduce oxygen free radicals which cause damage of RBC membranes and hemolysis Free radicals cause denaturation of hemoglobin resulting in Heinz bodies
123
What are the clinical signs of Propyl disulfide?
``` Anorexia ataxia tachycardia tachypnea dyspnea icterus anion odor abortion ```
124
What are the plants that have Tetradymol?
Horsebrush
125
What is the mechanism of action for Tetradymol?
Liver damage that decreases elimination of Phylloerythrin
126
What are the clinical signs of Tetradymol?
``` Anorexia depression incoordination dyspnea icterus head pressing skin swelling erythema necrosis and sloughing ```
127
What are the plants that have Thiaminase?
Horsetail | Bracken Fern, brake fern
128
What is the mechanism of action for Thiaminase?
destroyes thaimine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency in monogastric animals
129
What are the plants that have Triterpenoid saponins?
``` Alfalfa Holly family Christmas Holly English Ivy Pokeweed ```
130
What is the mechanism of action for Triterpenoid saponins?
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa
131
What are the clinical signs of Triterpenoid saponins?
``` Salivation anorexia vomiting diarrhea colic hypothermia ```
132
What is the chemistry of Resins and Resinoids?
Solid, semisolid, or brittle in room temperature Easily melted or burned Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents Lack nitrogen group Glycoresins are resins formed with sugars
133
Glycoresins
resins formed with sugars
134
Oleoresins
resins formed with essential oils
135
What are the plants with Resins or Resinoids?
Milkweeds Marijuana Chinaberry
136
What is the mechanism of action for Resins and Resionoids?
Irritation of the nervous or muscle tissue
137
What plants have unclassified toxins?
``` Alsike clover and red clover Avocado Black walnut Forage-induced photo sensitization Grape and Raisins Lily Pigweed Red maple Senna Yellow star thistle Russian knapweed Macademia nuts ```
138
What is the mechanism of action for Alsike clover and red clover?
Hepatotoxicity and secondary photo sensitization in horses only
139
What are the clinical signs of Alsike Clover and red clover?
``` Lacrimation Photophobia erythema pruritis edema necrosis sloughing of skin ```
140
What is the mechanism of action for Avocado?
Cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds
141
What is the mechanism of action for Black Walnut?
Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causing laminitis
142
What is the mechanism of action for Forage-induced photo sensitization?
Primary photo sensitization is caused by photo reactive substance form the plant Secondary photo sensitization from liver damage
143
What plants have Forage-induced photo sensitization?
Moldy alfalfa | Red Clover
144
What are the clinical signs of Photo sensitization?
``` Lacrimation Photophobia erythema pruritis edema necrosis sloughing of skin ```
145
What is the mechanism of action for Grapes and Raisins?
Unknown toxin causes renal failure only in dogs
146
What are the clinical signs associated with Grapes and Raisins?
GI signs Vomiting Renal failure
147
What is the mechanism of action for Easter and Day Lily?
Unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity in ONLY cats! | Gi irritation in cats and dogs
148
How may leaves of the lily will cause poisoning in a cat?
2 leaves
149
What is the mechanism of action for Pigweed?
Acute nitrate poisoing causes methemoglobinemia Chronic nitrate poisoning causes abortion Soluble oxalates causes hypocalcemia and kidney damage unknown toxin causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminant, pigs, and horses
150
What are the clinical signs of Pigweed?
``` Hypocalcemia Depression Weakness incoordination Renal failure ```
151
What is the mechanism of action for Red Maple?
Unknown toxin in dired leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation in horses Hemoglobin may precipitate in the renal tubules causing renal failure
152
What are the clinical signs for Red Maple?
``` Anorexia Depression anemia icterus brown discoloration of mucous membranes hemoglobinuria, cyanosis, dyspnea, and death ```
153
What is the mechanism of action for Senna?
Unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy Anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic
154
What plants have Senna?
Coffee Senna
155
What are the clinical signs of Senna?
``` Diarrhea Muscle weakness recumbency good appetite myoglobinuria Coffee colored urine tachycardia death ```
156
What is the mechanism of action for Yellow Star thistle and Russion Knapweed?
interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain especially substantia nigra and globus pallidua
157
What is the disease of horses that comes from ingestion of Russian Knapweed or Yellow Star Thistle?
"Chewing Disease" | Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia
158
What are the clinical signs of Macadamia nuts?
``` Weakness in the hind limbs depression ataxia tremors hyperthermia lameness recumbency vomiting colic dairrhea pale mucous membranes ```
159
What plants cause mechanical injury?
Cactus Family Jimsonweed seed pods Cocklebur seed pods

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions