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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Toxic Principles in Plants > Flashcards

Toxic Principles in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the plants that have Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?

A 
Chinese Evergreen 
Flamingo Plant 
Caladium 
Dumbcane
Pothos, Devil's Ivy 
Philodendron varieties
Arrowhead vine, nephythytis
Calla lily, arum lily 
Fishtail palm
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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Insoluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

The plant cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation

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3
Q

What are the plants that have Soluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

Greasewood
Lamb’s Quaters
Soursop
Pigweed

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Soluble Calcium Oxalates?

A

Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

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5
Q

What are the plants that have Isocupressic acid?

A

Ponderosa Pine

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Isocupressic acid?

A

vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs for Isocupressic acid?

A

Abortion in cattle

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8
Q

What are the plants that have Quinones?

A

St. John’s Wart

Buckwheat

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Quinones?

A

Primary photosensitization due to the presence of photodynamic substances in the blood and exposure to sunlight in genetically predisposed animals

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Quinones?

A

Erythema and pruritis
edema
necrosis of the skin

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11
Q

What are the plants that have Tannic acid (tannins)?

A

Oak tree

Pride of Barbados

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Tannic Acid (tannins)?

A

Tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tannic acid?

A

Cattle: Constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
Monogastrics: GI signs, colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus

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14
Q

What are the plants that have Triterpene acids?

A

Lantana

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Triterpene acids?

A

Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
Lantadene A and B cause damage of bile canaliculi membranes and cholestasis
Decreased elimination of phylloerythrin

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Triterpene acids?

A 
Ruminants are susceptible and horses are resistant 
depression 
anorexia
constipation 
diarrhea
icterus
photophobia
erythema of skin
swelling
necrosis 
sloughing
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17
Q

What are the plants that have Colchicine?

A

Autumn crocus

Meadow saffron

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Colchicine?

A

Antimitotic by binding to tubuin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colchicine?

A 
GI signs 
CV signs
Renal failure
respiratory signs 
Hepatic failure
Seizure and neuronal signs 
Coagulopathies 
Myelosuppression
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20
Q

What are the plants that have Diterpene alkaloids?

A

Larkspur, Delphinium
Monkshood
Aconite

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene alkalods?

A

Competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Diterpene alkaloids?

A 
Sudden death in cattle 
muscle weakness
stiffness
staggering 
bloating 
recumbency 
collpase
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23
Q

What are the clinical signs for Monkshood?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

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24
Q

What is the antidote for Diterpene alkaloids?

A

Physostigmine or neostigmine

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25
Q

What are the plants that have Ergot Alkaloids?

A

Ergot

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Ergot Alkaloids?

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene

Uterine contraction

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27
Q

What are the plants that have Indolizidine alkaloids?

A

Locoweeds

Milk Vetch

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Indolizidine alkaloids?

A

inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
Alteration of cellular function in the brain

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29
Q

What do Locoweeds contain?

A

neurotoxic alkaloids

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Indolizidine Alkaloids?

A 
depression 
incoordination 
ataxia
circling 
abnormal behavior 
infertility 
congenital defects 
heart failure
weight loss
poor performance 
decreased immune function
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31
Q

Locoism

A

Neuronal Signs from ingestion of Locoweed

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32
Q

What are the plants that have Lycorine?

A

Narcissus

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33
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Lycorine?

A

Emetic and purgative

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34
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lycorine?

A

GI signs: anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension

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35
Q

What part of Narcissus is the most toxic?

A

The bulb

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36
Q

What are the plants that have Muscarine?

A

Poisonous Mushrooms

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37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Muscarine?

A

Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

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38
Q

What is the treatment for Muscarine?

A

Atropine

Symptomatic treatment and decontamination

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39
Q

Describe the mushroom that contains Muscarine?

A

Red Mushroom with Yellow Dots

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40
Q

What is the mushroom that contains Muscarine?

A

Amanita phalloides - Death Cap

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41
Q

What are the plants that have Piperidine Alkaloids?

A

Poison hemlock

Tobacco

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42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Piperidine Alkaloids?

A

nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade

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43
Q

What are the clinical signs of Piperidine Alkaloids?

A

Ataxia
Incoordination
birth defects

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44
Q

What are the plants that have Pyridine alkaloids?

A

Nightshade Family: Lobelia

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45
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Pyridine Alkaloids?

A

act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS

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46
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pyridine Alkaloids?

A 
Excitation 
Salivation 
Lacrimation 
vomiting
diarrhea
tachypnea
Muscle twitching 
muscle weakness
dyspnea
respiratory failure
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47
Q

What are the plants that have Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?

A

Rattlebox

Ragwort

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48
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids?

A

Hepatotoxic

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49
Q

What are the plants that have Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?

A

Nightshade Family:
Black Nightshade
American Nightshade
Chinese lantern

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50
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids?

A

GI signs
CNS signs
respiratory signs
cardiac signs

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51
Q

What are the plants that have Taxine alkaloids?

A

Japanese Yew

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52
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Taxine alkaloids?

A

Cardiotoxic

GI signs

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53
Q

What are the plants that have Tropane alkaloids?

A

Jimson weed
Devil’s Trumpet
Angel’s Trumpet
Henbane

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54
Q

What are the plants that have Xanthine alkaloids?

A

Cocoa

Coffee

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55
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Xanthine Alkaloids?

A

Blocking adenosine receptors

Inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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56
Q

What are the clinical signs of Xanthine Alkaloids?

A 
Salivation 
vomiting
colic
diarrhea
CNS stimulation 
convulsive seizures
Muscle tremors
Tachycardia 
hypotension
urination
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57
Q

What are the plants that have Anthraquinones?

A

Cascara sagrada
Buckthorn
Coffee weed

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58
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Anthraquinones?

A

Purgative

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59
Q

What are the clinical signs of Coffeeweed?

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration adn the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria which may cause kidney damage

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60
Q

What is a differential diagnosis for Coffeeweed?

A

ionophore toxicosis

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61
Q

What are the plants that have Calcinogenic glycosides?

A

Day-blooming Jessamine

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62
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Calcinogenic glycosides?

A

Hypercalcemia

Calcification of the elastic tissues

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63
Q

What are the plants that have Cardiac glycosides?

A 
Foxglove
Oleander
Yellow oleander, Lucky nut 
Periwinkle 
Desert Rose
Milkweed
Christmas kallanchoe
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64
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cardiac glycosides?

A

Cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

GI irritation

65
Q

What are the plants that have Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?

A

Cocklebur

66
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?

A

Hepatotoxicity

67
Q

What are the plants that have Coumarin glycosides?

A

Sweet Clover

68
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Coumarin glycosides?

A

Form dicoumarol “Warfarin” in spoiled or stressed plants
Hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X

69
Q

What are the plants that have Cyanogenic glycosides?

A

Wild cherries
Johnsongrass
Sudan grass
Sorghum

70
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?

A

Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration
Vasoconstriction
Inhibition of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

71
Q

What is the chronic mechanism of action for Cyanogenic glycosides?

A

Neuronal degeneration

72
Q

What are the plants that have Cycasin?

A

Sago palm

cardboard plant

73
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cycasin?

A

causes GI irritation and liver damage
teratogenic
mutagenic
carcinogenic
Beta-methylamino-L-alanine is a neurotoxic amino acid
Unknown toxin may cause axonal degeneration

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cycasin?

A

GI and liver disease
Ataxia
CNS syndrome
Cattle: neuronal signs (Zamia staggers)

75
Q

What are the plants that have Glucosinolate?

A 
Rape seed
Broccoli
Kale 
Brussel sprouts
turnip 
cauliflower
Soybean 
Flax
76
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Glucosinolate?

A

Antithyroid - inhibit thyroid transport system

77
Q

What are the plants that have Nitropropanol glycoside?

A

Milkvetch

78
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Nitropropanol glycoside?

A

Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

What are the clinical signs for Nitropropanol glycoside?

A

Respiratory and neurologic signs
“Cracker heels or Roaring disease”
Horse - Neurologic signs

80
Q

What are the plants that have Phytoestrogens?

A

White clover

Alfalfa

81
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Phytoestrogens?

A

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males

82
Q

What are the clinical signs for Phytoestrogens?

A

Infertility in females

Decreases libido and feminization in males

83
Q

What are the plants that have Protoanemonin?

A

Anemone
Ranunculus
Clematis
Helleborus

84
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Protoanemonin?

A

volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

causes severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis

85
Q

What are the plants that have Ptaquilosides?

A

Bracken Fern

86
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Ptaquilosides?

A

Death in precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia
Neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria
Tumors in the upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep
Thiaminase - causes vitamin B1 deficiency

87
Q

What are the clinical signs of Thiaminase activity?

A

Vitamin B1 deficiency which causes neurotoxicity in monogastrics

88
Q

What does Bracken fern cause in cattle?

A

Enzootic bovine hematuria due to neoplasm of the urinary tract

89
Q

What does Bracken fern cause in sheep?

A

Tumors in the upper digestive tract

Retinal degeneration

90
Q

What are the plants that have Steroidal saponins?

A

Lechuguilla

Agave

91
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Steroidal saponins?

A

Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin

92
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ptaquilosides?

A

Aplastic Anemia

Urinary neoplasm: Hematuria, anemia, tachycardia, and death

93
Q

Phylloerythrin

A

a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance

94
Q

What are the clinical signs of Steroidal saponins?

A

Photosensitization

liver damage

95
Q

What plant has Gossypol?

A

Cottonseed

96
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Gossypol?

A

Cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage
Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous
Only free gossypol is toxic
Heat changes the toxic free gossypol to the less toxic protein bound gossypol

97
Q

What are the clinical signs of Gossypol?

A

Cardiac toxicity

Male infertility

98
Q

What are the plants that have Copper?

A

Clovers

99
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Copper?

A

Liver Damage
Hemolysis
methemoglobinemia

100
Q

What are the plants that have Selenium?

A 
Aster
Woody Aster
Princess's Plume
Milk Vetch 
Goldenwood
Paintbrush 
Saltbrush
Alfalfa
Tall grasses
101
Q

What is the acute mechanism of action for Selenium?

A

GI irritation

respiratory signs

102
Q

What is the chronic mechanism of action for Selenium?

A

Hoof and Hair abnormalities

103
Q

What are the plants that have Nitrate?

A 
Pigweed
Oats
Johnson grass
Sudan grass
Milo
Lamb's quarters
Alfalfa
104
Q

What is the acute mechanism of action for Nitrate?

A

GI irritation
Fetal Methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion
Nitrate oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin

105
Q

What is the chronic mechanism of action for Nitrate?

A

Decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion

Reduced performance

106
Q

What are the plants that have Dimethyl disulfide?

A

Mustards

107
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Dimethyl disulfide?

A

5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide which is reduced by intestinal flora
dimethyl disulfide cause oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz bodies which normally is prevented by glutathione

108
Q

What are the clinical signs of Dimethyl Disulfide?

A 
Anemai 
depression 
hemoglobinemia 
hemoglobinuria 
icterus 
cyanosis
109
Q

What are the plants that have Diterpene esters?

A 
Spurge Family: 
Chenille plant
Croton 
Candelabra "cactus"
Poinsettia
Pencil tree
Sandbox tree
110
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Diterpene esters?

A

Diterpenoid euphorbol esters cause direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes
they activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

111
Q

What are the clinical signs of Diterpene esters?

A

Irritation
Blistering of the skin
GI mucosa leading to salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea with or without blood

112
Q

What are the plants that have Grayanotoxins?

A

Rhododendron

Azalea

113
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Grayanotoxins?

A

Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells

Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization

114
Q

What are the clinical signs of Grayanotoxins?

A 
Gi signs 
depression 
recumbency 
tachycardia 
tachypnea
seizures
fever
aspiration pneumonia leading to death
115
Q

What are the plants that have Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?

A

Castor Bean
Precatory bean
Black locust

116
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?

A

Ricin and abrin are glycoproteins

Inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

117
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?

A

GI signs

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

118
Q

What are the plants that have Meliatoxins?

A

Chinaberry

119
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Meliatoxins?

A

Enterotoxic

Neurotoxic

120
Q

What are the clinical signs of Meliatoxins?

A

GI signs with or without blood
CNS and peripheral neuronal signs
death by respiratory failure

121
Q

What are the plants that have Propyl disulfide?

A 
Onion 
Garlic 
Shallots
chives
leek
122
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Propyl disulfide?

A

Disulfides pproduce oxygen free radicals which cause damage of RBC membranes and hemolysis
Free radicals cause denaturation of hemoglobin resulting in Heinz bodies

123
Q

What are the clinical signs of Propyl disulfide?

A 
Anorexia
ataxia
tachycardia 
tachypnea
dyspnea
icterus
anion odor 
abortion
124
Q

What are the plants that have Tetradymol?

A

Horsebrush

125
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Tetradymol?

A

Liver damage that decreases elimination of Phylloerythrin

126
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tetradymol?

A 
Anorexia 
depression 
incoordination
dyspnea
icterus 
head pressing
skin swelling 
erythema
necrosis and sloughing
127
Q

What are the plants that have Thiaminase?

A

Horsetail

Bracken Fern, brake fern

128
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Thiaminase?

A

destroyes thaimine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency in monogastric animals

129
Q

What are the plants that have Triterpenoid saponins?

A 
Alfalfa
Holly family 
Christmas Holly 
English Ivy 
Pokeweed
130
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Triterpenoid saponins?

A

Direct irritation of the GI mucosa

131
Q

What are the clinical signs of Triterpenoid saponins?

A 
Salivation 
anorexia
vomiting
diarrhea
colic
hypothermia
132
Q

What is the chemistry of Resins and Resinoids?

A

Solid, semisolid, or brittle in room temperature
Easily melted or burned
Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Lack nitrogen group
Glycoresins are resins formed with sugars

133
Q

Glycoresins

A

resins formed with sugars

134
Q

Oleoresins

A

resins formed with essential oils

135
Q

What are the plants with Resins or Resinoids?

A

Milkweeds
Marijuana
Chinaberry

136
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Resins and Resionoids?

A

Irritation of the nervous or muscle tissue

137
Q

What plants have unclassified toxins?

A 
Alsike clover and red clover
Avocado 
Black walnut
Forage-induced photo sensitization
Grape and Raisins
Lily
Pigweed
Red maple 
Senna
Yellow star thistle 
Russian knapweed
Macademia nuts
138
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Alsike clover and red clover?

A

Hepatotoxicity and secondary photo sensitization in horses only

139
Q

What are the clinical signs of Alsike Clover and red clover?

A 
Lacrimation 
Photophobia 
erythema 
pruritis
edema 
necrosis 
sloughing of skin
140
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Avocado?

A

Cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds

141
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Black Walnut?

A

Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood causing laminitis

142
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Forage-induced photo sensitization?

A

Primary photo sensitization is caused by photo reactive substance form the plant
Secondary photo sensitization from liver damage

143
Q

What plants have Forage-induced photo sensitization?

A

Moldy alfalfa

Red Clover

144
Q

What are the clinical signs of Photo sensitization?

A 
Lacrimation 
Photophobia 
erythema
pruritis 
edema
necrosis 
sloughing of skin
145
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Grapes and Raisins?

A

Unknown toxin causes renal failure only in dogs

146
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Grapes and Raisins?

A

GI signs
Vomiting
Renal failure

147
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Easter and Day Lily?

A

Unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity in ONLY cats!

Gi irritation in cats and dogs

148
Q

How may leaves of the lily will cause poisoning in a cat?

A

2 leaves

149
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Pigweed?

A

Acute nitrate poisoing causes methemoglobinemia
Chronic nitrate poisoning causes abortion
Soluble oxalates causes hypocalcemia and kidney damage
unknown toxin causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminant, pigs, and horses

150
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pigweed?

A 
Hypocalcemia 
Depression 
Weakness
incoordination 
Renal failure
151
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Red Maple?

A

Unknown toxin in dired leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation in horses
Hemoglobin may precipitate in the renal tubules causing renal failure

152
Q

What are the clinical signs for Red Maple?

A 
Anorexia 
Depression 
anemia
icterus
brown discoloration of mucous membranes
hemoglobinuria, cyanosis, dyspnea, and death
153
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Senna?

A

Unknown myotoxin causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinone glycoside is cathartic

154
Q

What plants have Senna?

A

Coffee Senna

155
Q

What are the clinical signs of Senna?

A 
Diarrhea 
Muscle weakness
recumbency 
good appetite
myoglobinuria 
Coffee colored urine
tachycardia 
death
156
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Yellow Star thistle and Russion Knapweed?

A

interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain especially substantia nigra and globus pallidua

157
Q

What is the disease of horses that comes from ingestion of Russian Knapweed or Yellow Star Thistle?

A

“Chewing Disease”

Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

158
Q

What are the clinical signs of Macadamia nuts?

A 
Weakness in the hind limbs
depression 
ataxia
tremors
hyperthermia 
lameness
recumbency 
vomiting
colic 
dairrhea
pale mucous membranes
159
Q

What plants cause mechanical injury?

A

Cactus Family
Jimsonweed seed pods
Cocklebur seed pods

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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