Herbicides

Question 1

What are the types of Organic synthetic herbicides?

Answer 1

Amides
Benzoic Acids
Carbamates
Dinitroanilines
Diphenyl esters
Dipyridyls
Nitriles
Organoarsenicals
Phenoxy acids
Phthalamic acids
Thiocarbamates 
Triazines

Question 2

How do you treat fungicide poisoning?

Answer 2

Symptomatic treatment

Question 3

What is the source of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

Answer 3

Sprayed forages
Accidental ingestion of concentrates or sprays
Grazing freshly sprayed pastures
Access to freshly sprayed lawns

Question 4

What are the properties of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

Answer 4

Alter the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity by increasing accumulation of nitrate or cyanide
improving palatability of some poisonous plants increasing poisoning
Not stable in the environment
Irritant to GI mucosa

Question 5

What type of toxic is Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

Answer 5

Moderately toxic

Question 6

Where is Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids readily absorbed from?

Answer 6

GI tract

Question 7

Where are Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids excreted from?

Answer 7

Urine

Question 8

What enhances renal excretion of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

Answer 8

Alkalination

Question 9

What is the mechanism of Action of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

Answer 9

Irritation of the GI mucosa

Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, and depress ribonuclease synthesis

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

Answer 10

Mainly GI and Neuromuscular

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in ruminants?

Answer 11

Anorexia
rumen atony 
bloat 
diarrhea
ulcers 
Depression 
muscle weakness
emaciation with no convulsions

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in dogs?

Answer 12

Anorexia
vomiting
Bloody diarrhea
Myotonia
Weakness of muscles especially posterior muscles, and ataxia with rigidity of skeletal muscles 
opisthotonos 
posterior paralysis 
severe GI signs

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in swine?

Answer 13

Vomiting
Diarrhea
muscle weakness
depression

Question 14

What are the lesions associated with Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

Answer 14

Nonspecific
GI damage
degeneration of the liver and kidney
Rumen stasis with ingested food

Question 15

What are the laboratory findings associated with Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

Answer 15

Elevated alkaline phosphatase, lactate, dehydrogenase, CK

Question 16

What is the treatment for Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

Answer 16

Detoxification: Wash or activated charcoal

Symptomatic treatment: IV fluids, Antidiarrheals, rumenatorics

Question 17

What are the uses of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

Answer 17

Herbicide
Restricted Use Pesticide
Sprays for lawns and gardens

Question 18

What is the source of Dipyridyl Herbicides toxicosis?

Answer 18

Ingestion of concentrates

Malicious poisoning

Question 19

What is the problem with Paraquat poisoning?

Answer 19

Animals poisoned with paraquat rarely survive

Question 20

What are the properties of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

Answer 20

Unstable 
rapidly inactivated by light and soil 
Solutions are stable in neutral or acid conditions 
Paraquat binds strongly to soil 
Caustic to mucous membranes

Question 21

What type of solution destroys Dipyridyl Herbicides?

Answer 21

Alkali

Question 22

What enhances the toxicity of paraquat?

Answer 22

selenium vitamin E deficiency
depletion of oxygen glutathione
oxygen therapy

Question 23

Where does Paraquat achieve high concentrations?

Answer 23

Lung tissue

Question 24

How is paraquat excreted?

Answer 24

unchanged in the urine

Question 25

What is the mechanism of Action for Dipyridyl Herbicides?

Answer 25

1. Reduced by nictoniamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate to produce singlet oxygen 2. singlet oxygen reacts with lipids of the cell membranes to form hydroperoxides 3. Production of free radical membrane damage and cellular degeneration and necrosis

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of acute Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 26

``` Vomiting anorexia depression ataxia dyspnea seizures ```

Question 27

What are the delayed clinical signs of Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 27

Respiratory signs: tachypnea, dyspnea, harsh respiratory sounds, cyanosis, and reduced pulmonary compliance

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of subacute or chronic toxicosis of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

Answer 28

Respiratory signs due to pulmonary fibrosis

Question 29

What are the lesions seen with Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 29

``` Pulmonary congestion edema congestion hemorrhage fibrosis failure of the lung to collapse lingual ulcers Liver, kidney, and spleen may be congested ```

Question 30

What is the treatment for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 30

Detoxicification: Emetics, Activated charcoal, Bentonite or Fuller's earth orally, saline cathartics

Question 31

What are the supportive treatments for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 31

Fluid therapy | hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis

Question 32

What is contraindicated in Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 32

Oxygen

Question 33

What are the Biochemical antagonists (antioxidants) used to treat Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 33

Orgotein Acetylcysteine Ascorbic acid Niacin or riboflavin

Question 34

What is the prognosis for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

Answer 34

Guarded to grave