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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Herbicides > Flashcards

Herbicides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Organic synthetic herbicides?

A 
Amides
Benzoic Acids
Carbamates
Dinitroanilines
Diphenyl esters
Dipyridyls
Nitriles
Organoarsenicals
Phenoxy acids
Phthalamic acids
Thiocarbamates 
Triazines
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2
Q

How do you treat fungicide poisoning?

A

Symptomatic treatment

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3
Q

What is the source of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Sprayed forages
Accidental ingestion of concentrates or sprays
Grazing freshly sprayed pastures
Access to freshly sprayed lawns

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4
Q

What are the properties of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Alter the metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity by increasing accumulation of nitrate or cyanide
improving palatability of some poisonous plants increasing poisoning
Not stable in the environment
Irritant to GI mucosa

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5
Q

What type of toxic is Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Moderately toxic

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6
Q

Where is Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids readily absorbed from?

A

GI tract

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7
Q

Where are Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids excreted from?

A

Urine

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8
Q

What enhances renal excretion of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Alkalination

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of Action of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Irritation of the GI mucosa

Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, and depress ribonuclease synthesis

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

A

Mainly GI and Neuromuscular

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in ruminants?

A 
Anorexia
rumen atony 
bloat 
diarrhea
ulcers 
Depression 
muscle weakness
emaciation with no convulsions
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in dogs?

A 
Anorexia
vomiting
Bloody diarrhea
Myotonia
Weakness of muscles especially posterior muscles, and ataxia with rigidity of skeletal muscles 
opisthotonos 
posterior paralysis 
severe GI signs
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis in swine?

A

Vomiting
Diarrhea
muscle weakness
depression

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14
Q

What are the lesions associated with Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

A

Nonspecific
GI damage
degeneration of the liver and kidney
Rumen stasis with ingested food

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15
Q

What are the laboratory findings associated with Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

A

Elevated alkaline phosphatase, lactate, dehydrogenase, CK

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids toxicosis?

A

Detoxification: Wash or activated charcoal

Symptomatic treatment: IV fluids, Antidiarrheals, rumenatorics

17
Q

What are the uses of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

A

Herbicide
Restricted Use Pesticide
Sprays for lawns and gardens

18
Q

What is the source of Dipyridyl Herbicides toxicosis?

A

Ingestion of concentrates

Malicious poisoning

19
Q

What is the problem with Paraquat poisoning?

A

Animals poisoned with paraquat rarely survive

20
Q

What are the properties of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

A 
Unstable 
rapidly inactivated by light and soil 
Solutions are stable in neutral or acid conditions 
Paraquat binds strongly to soil 
Caustic to mucous membranes
21
Q

What type of solution destroys Dipyridyl Herbicides?

A

Alkali

22
Q

What enhances the toxicity of paraquat?

A

selenium vitamin E deficiency
depletion of oxygen glutathione
oxygen therapy

23
Q

Where does Paraquat achieve high concentrations?

A

Lung tissue

24
Q

How is paraquat excreted?

A

unchanged in the urine

25
Q

What is the mechanism of Action for Dipyridyl Herbicides?

A
  1. Reduced by nictoniamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate to produce singlet oxygen
  2. singlet oxygen reacts with lipids of the cell membranes to form hydroperoxides
  3. Production of free radical membrane damage and cellular degeneration and necrosis
26
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A 
Vomiting 
anorexia
depression 
ataxia 
dyspnea
seizures
27
Q

What are the delayed clinical signs of Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Respiratory signs: tachypnea, dyspnea, harsh respiratory sounds, cyanosis, and reduced pulmonary compliance

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of subacute or chronic toxicosis of Dipyridyl Herbicides?

A

Respiratory signs due to pulmonary fibrosis

29
Q

What are the lesions seen with Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A 
Pulmonary congestion 
edema 
congestion 
hemorrhage 
fibrosis 
failure of the lung to collapse 
lingual ulcers 
Liver, kidney, and spleen may be congested
30
Q

What is the treatment for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Detoxicification: Emetics, Activated charcoal, Bentonite or Fuller’s earth orally, saline cathartics

31
Q

What are the supportive treatments for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Fluid therapy

hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis

32
Q

What is contraindicated in Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Oxygen

33
Q

What are the Biochemical antagonists (antioxidants) used to treat Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Orgotein
Acetylcysteine
Ascorbic acid
Niacin or riboflavin

34
Q

What is the prognosis for Dipyridyl Herbicide toxicosis?

A

Guarded to grave

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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