Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Flashcards
What is the natural source of Organochlorines?
Bacteria Fungi Plants Marine organisms Insects Animals/Humans
What are the chemical properties of Organchlorines?
Persistent in the environment Reduced Reactivity Stability Lipophilic Reduced solubility in water Soluble in oils
Bioaccumulation
Small organisms take up and accumulate DDT/DDE in fatty tissues, which leads to toxic levels and death
What are the two classes of Organochlorines?
1st Generation
2nd Generation
What are the two main groups of Organochlorines?
DDT-type compound
Chlorinated alicyclics
What are chlorinated alicyclics?
neurotoxicants with different mechanism of action
Biomagnification
when organisms higher in the food chain eat small organisms lower in the food chain such that the environmental chemical is magnified
What was the major environmental impact that stopped the use of DDT?
Egg shell thinning in Bald Eagles and other birds of prey
Methoxychlor
developed to replace DDT
used to protect crops, ornamentals, livestock, pets against fleas, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and other insects
What were the reasons for Methoxychlor being in banned in 2003?
Acute toxicity
bioaccumulation
endocrine disruption activity
Lindane
used in pets and livestock as insecticide and ectoparasiticide
What is the source of exposure with Organochlorines?
Contaminated feed and water sources
Miscalculation of concentrations for spraying and dipping
Unsecured or unlabeled packages or containers
Lack of appropriate PPE
How are Organochlorines absorbed?
Dermally
Orally
inhalation
Where are Organochlorines stored in the body?
Body fat
What can causes redistribution of Organochlorines?
Disease
Aging
Fasting
Lactation
Where are Organochlorines dechlorinated, conjugated, and excreted?
Liver
What is the major route of decontamination for Organochlorines?
Biliary Excretion
What is the Mechanism of Action for Organochlorines?
Neuronal membrane permeability or transport of Na+ and K+ is altered
Axonal Na+ channels remain open and prevent repolarization
Hyper-excitability of the nerve
What does Lindane inhibit?
GABA binding
What are the clinical signs of Organochlorine toxicosis?
CNS stimulation
Clonic-tonic seizures
Opisthotonos
What are the lesions associated with Organochlorines?
None
How do you diagnose Organochlorines?
History
Clinical Signs
Chemical analysis of tissues
What is the treatment for Organochlorines?
No specific antidote
Decontamination: Emetics, activated charcoal, Bathing the animal
Symptomatic Treatment: control the seizures, O2, ventilation, fluids
