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RUSVM Toxicology 2016 > Plant Related Toxicants > Flashcards

Plant Related Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

What is the is the conversion of Nitrate to Nitrite and where does it take place?

A

Nitrate (NO3) is absorbed from the soil by the plant and converted to Nitrite (NO2)
This can also happen in the blood and in the rumen

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2
Q

What converts Nitrate to Nitrite?

A

Nitrate reductase

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3
Q

What leads to accumulation of the nitrate in the plant?

A

the rate of Nitrate to Nitrite is reduced with the continuation of Nitrate uptake from the soil

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4
Q

What factors favor plant nitrate accumulation?

A

High Nitrate or ammonia in the soil
Soil conditions: Rain, Moisture, acid soil, low soil molybdenum, etc
Decreased light reduces activity of nitrate reductase
Use of phenoxy acetic acid herbicides
Stage of plant growth

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5
Q

What parts of the plant contain the highest concentration of Nitrate?

A

The stalks

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6
Q

What plant species accumulate nitrate?

A 
Sweet clover 
alfalfa
wheat 
corn 
Pigweed
Oats
Beets
Johnson grass
Sudan grass
Milo 
Lamb's quarters
Sunflower
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7
Q

what is the use of Nitrates?

A

Fertilizer

Sodium Nitrite IV as a vasodilator

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8
Q

What animals are susceptible to nitrate poisoning from Sodium NitrIte IV?

A

Horses

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9
Q

What is the source of Nitrate or Nitrite poisoning?

A

Rapid ingestion of forages or hays containing high amount of nitrate
Accidental ingestion of feeds or water contaminated with nitrate
Overdose with Nitrite IV

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10
Q

Properties of Nitrates?

A

Water Soluble

Salty - Palatable

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11
Q

What form of Nitrate or Nitrite is more toxic?

A

Nitrite is 10 times more toxic than nitrate

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12
Q

What age of animals are more susceptible to Nitrate poisoning?

A

greater than 3 months of age

2-3 years old

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13
Q

What diseases cause an increase in toxicity of Nitrates?

A

Anemia and Methemoglobinemia

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14
Q

What is the half life of Nitrite?

A

Less than 1 hour

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15
Q

What is the half life of Nitrates?

A

4-48 hours

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16
Q

What is the Acute mechanism of action for Nitrate Poisoning?

A

One molecule of Nitrite interacts with two molecules of hemoglobin resulting in oxidation off ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

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17
Q

What is the chronic mechanism of action for Nitrate poisoning?

A

Abortion due to decreased progesterone
weak
weight loss
wasting

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nitrate Poisoning?

A 
Sudden death 
rapid breathing 
restlessness
apprehension 
dyspnea
weakness
sternal recumbency
cyanosis 
terminal convulsion due to not enough O2 
Abortion due to fetal anoxia
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19
Q

What are the lesions associated with Nitrate Poisoning?

A

Congestion of organs

Brown-chocolate color of blood

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20
Q

What is the specimen of choice for nitrate poisoning in dead animals?

A

Ocular Fluid

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21
Q

What are the specimens for nitrate poisining in live animals?

A

Serum
Plasma
urine
rumen contents

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22
Q

What is the test for nitrate in forages, rumen contents, and water?

A

Diphenylamine test

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23
Q

What is the color of the positive result for the Diphenylamine test for Nitrate poisoning?

A

Dark blue color

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24
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for Nitrate Poisoning?

A

Acetominophen in cats

25
What is the treatment for Nitrate Poisoning?
Methylene blue 1% IV for ruminanats and monograstics | Activated charcoal, ruminal lavage with cold water, oral antibiotics inhibit rumen microflora and nitrate reductase
26
What is the prognosis for Nitrate Poisoning?
Die before treatment because death is rapid
27
What is the source of Cyanide Poisoning in Large animals?
Ingestion of cyanogenic plants
28
What is the source of Cyanide Poisoning in small animals?
Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts Hydrogen cyanide as a fumigant rodenticide Sodium nitroprusside used as a hypotensive Combustion of plastic compounds
29
What are the cyanogenic plants?
``` Wild Cherry Sudan grass Johnson grass Sorghums Apples plums lima beans cassava roots ```
30
What are the properties of Cyanide Poisoning?
Volatile gas characteristic bitter almond odor CN radicals form complexes with ferric ion, cupric, and molybdenum
31
What is the effect of Thiocyanate SCN?
antithyroid effect
32
What type of toxin is Cyanide?
Highly Toxic
33
What causes the release of Cyanide from cyanogenic plants?
Hydrolysis by the rumen microflora
34
What cause the plant to release cyanide?
Stress | Plant damage
35
How is cyanide released from the plant during stress?
Beta-glucosidase causes hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides and release of cyanide
36
Where do cyanogenic glycosides accumulate the most?
The seeds
37
What soil condition causes an increase in glycosides?
High Nitrogen | Low Phosphorus
38
Where is cyanide rapidly absorbed from?
GI tract Skin inhalation
39
What is the mechanism of action of cyanide poisoning?
CN in the blood and tissues binds with ferric iron and cupric copper of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase blocking the electron transport and inhibits the cells to utilize the available oxygen resulting in histotoxic anoxia
40
What are the clinical signs of acute poisoning?
``` rapid onset Die without manifesting clinical signs Tachypnea severe panting gasping salivation lacrimation urination defecation severe colic vomiting bright red mucous membranes ```
41
What are the chronic clinical signs of Cyanide Poisoning?
Posterior paralysis urinary incontinence cystitis constipation
42
What are the lesions associated with Cyanide Poisoning?
Mucous membranes are bright red and blood is cherry red | Congestion and petechial hemorrhages of the GI tract and lungs
43
What is the danger of cyanide poisoning?
could be poisoned during necropsy from opening the rumen
44
What is the test for Cyanide Poisoning?
Sodium picrate paper test
45
What is the differential diagnosis for Cyanide Poisoning?
Carbon Monoxide
46
What is the treatment for Cyanide Poisoning?
``` Sodium Nitrite IV Sodium thiosulfate IV Sodium Thiosulfate Oral Oxygen therapy Vinegar in cold water orally to slow microbial hydrolysis ```
47
What are the plants containing Soluble oxalates?
``` Pigweed Beet Lamb's quarters Halogeton Sorrel Soursop Greasewood ```
48
What species are most susceptible to soluble oxalate poisoning?
Sheep | Cattle
49
Where does soluble oxalates accumulate in plants?
leaves
50
What decreased toxicity of soluble oxalate poisoning?
Calcium or calcium rich diet
51
What increases toxicity of soluble oxalate poisoning?
oxalate-producing fungi
52
What are the toxicokinetics of soluble oxalate poisoning?
Soluble oxalates can be metabolized to a certain extent in the rumen to carbonates and bicarbonates Calcium rich diet inhibit absorption by forming insoluble calcium oxalates which are excreted in feces
53
What is the mechanism of action for soluble oxalate poisoning?
soluble oxalates combine with calcium ion to form insoluble calcium oxalate leading to hypocalcemia Precipitation of calcium oxalates crystals in the kidney tubules causing kidney damage and necrosis
54
What are the clinical signs of soluble oxalate poisoning?
depression muscle twitching muscle weakness head and neck pulled to one side in sheep ( like milk fever in cattle) Blood tinged froth around the mouth Convulsions if the calcium is deposited in the brain Calcium oxalate precipitation in renal tubules lead to fatal renal tubular toxicosis
55
What are the lesions associated with soluble oxalate poisoning?
The mouth and esophagus filled with blood tinged froth Kidneys show dark red cortex and medulla separated by a gray line from accumulation of oxalate crystals in the renal tubules
56
What are the laboratory findings associated with soluble oxalate poisoning?
Presence of Calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys
57
What is a differential diagnosis for soluble oxalate poisoning?
Milk Fever
58
What is the treatment for soluble oxalate poisoning?
Calcium gluconate IV Saline-glucose to treat alkalosis Supplementation of calcium salts Supportive therapy

RUSVM Toxicology 2016 (32 decks)

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