Week 9 - Study Guide Flashcards
Exergonic
energy released - no cost
gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy
- EX = energy is EXiting the system
- Chemical reaction where there is a release of free energy
- No outside energy needed
- Reaction goes energetically downhill
- NO cost $$
Endergonic
Energy - use ATP to drive endergonic reactions
$$ cost energy
- ATP used to make a reaction move
- Chemical reaction where energy is absorbed
- reaction goes energetically uphill
- Costs $$
Definition:
Metabolism
- Building
- Breaking down
- Reorganizing
Everything we do!!
The chemical reactions in the body that build and break down molecules into energy for the cells to survive and function.
The whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provides the body with energy.
Definition:
Coupled reactions
metabolic coupling
One requires energy, one releases energy
- A coupled reaction is an endergonic (unfavorable) reaction joined simultaneously to an exergonic (favorable) reaction;
- the exergonic reaction provides the energy required for the endergonic reaction to occur.
Definition:
Catabolic
Breakdown of complex things to free energy to build more ATP
Definition:
Anabolic
Building up
more proteins for example
Definition:
Hydrolysis
Breakdown
Definition:
Synthesis
Building
Definition:
Rearrangement
exchange reactions
Definition:
Decomposition
breaking down
Definition:
Exchange
Respiration equation
Definition:
Potential Energy
- Stored - as chemical energy
- Location of a substance or structure
- Everytime our cells have a concentration gradient - that is stored potential energy
Water behind a dam is potential energy
Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.
Definition:
Kinetic energy
- Movement (motion of something)
- Electromagnetic - photons ejected from sun
- Thermal energy
Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.
Oxidation =
loss of electrons
LEO
Loss of
Electrons by
Oxidation
What is meant by OIL-RIG?
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidation
Is
Loss fo electrons
Reduction
Is
Gain of electrons
Oxidation-reduction reactions allow…
- energy to be released in many small steps (controlled burn)
- Allows cells to ‘harness’ released energy to make ATP (make good use of all that energy)
name the reactants of the aerobic cellular respiration
reactants (inputs)
glucose
oxygen
What is NAD?
- Coenzyme
- Vitamin B3 precursor (niacin)
NAD+ picks up (H+) & (e-) = NADH
What is FAD?
- Coenzyme
- Vitamin B2 precursor (riboflavin)
Where is glycolysis performed?
What does it produce?
- Cytoplasm
2 pyruvate
2 ATP (net)
2 NADH+
What is important in glycolysis to keep it going?
NAD+
What is needed to start the process of glycolysis?
2 ATP
What happens in the mitochondria?
- Acetyl CoA formation AND Krebs cycle
small ATP yield
pyruvic acid → CO2
get more coenzymes!! - ETC
Big ATP payoff
Coenzymes donate (H+) and (e-) to do the work and allow a ton of ATP to be made.
Build relationship between:
Catabolic and Anabolic
- Catabolism, at its core, involves breaking down of complex molecules and releasing energy for the body to use.
- The anabolic process is the complete opposite of catabolism as it involves creating bigger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules. These are usually stored by the body for future use.
Build relationship between:
Exergonic and Endergonic
- Exergonic gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy
ATP is the molecule whose burst of energy is used to couple an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction in energy coupling. ATP coupling provides that endergonic reaction with the potential to manifest now.
Build relationship between:
Kinetic energy and Potential energy
Water behind a dam is potential energy
Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.
The primary relationship between the two is their ability to transform into each other. In other words, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy converts into potential energy, and then back again. It’s a never-ending cycle.
What are the 3 big phases of cell respiration and where does each occur?
- Glycolysis / anaerobic metabolism - cytoplasm
- Krebs Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
- ETC - mitochondrial membrane
What is needed to begin glycolysis / anabolic metabolism?
2 ATP
a. 6 carbons break down into 2 - 3 carbons
b. forms coenzyme NADH
What is the end product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
net 2 ATP
2 - NADH.
How many pyruvate are made for a single glucose?
2 pyruvates
Where does CO2 come from in Krebs cycle?
ATP production
Where is FADH2 produced?
Only in KREBS CYCLE
Where is NADH produced?
- Krebs Cycle
- Glycolysis
How many Krebs cycle are needed to process one glucose molecule?
Two cycles
one cycle for each pyruvate = 2 cycles
Electronegativity –
measure of a substance to pull electrons towards itself
Highly electronegative pull electrons towards themselves
Not highly electronegative - do not have an attraction for electrons
What is the protein that is in the ETC?
Cytochromes
What do cytochromes contain?
Iron
How are cytochromes organized in the membrane of the mitochondria?
In descending order according to its tendency to attract electrons
Who has hydrogens and electrons to donate in the electron transport chain?
FADH2 & NADH
coenzymes that are going to donate electrons to the cytochromes
What are varying in their electrical characteristics to attract electrons from FADH2 & NADH?
Cytochromes
What happens when the electrons pass the protein - cytochrome?
- Energy is released and is used for the active transport of (H+) against its gradient from low to high.
- To increase the (H+) concentration in between the two mitochondrial membranes.
- which eventually drives the process of ATP synthesis
What is the protein transporter that acts as an enzyme and builds ATP in the ETC?
ATP Synthase
How does ATP synthase work?
- It is fueled by (H+) that diffuses through the ATP Synthase
- Causing the molecular motor to spin
- As it spins, it grabs onto an ADP and a Phosphate ion
- Puts them together
- and Creates ATP
How much ATP can be made by the ATP synthase in the ETC?
30-32 ATP
What is the problem that you create after ATP synthase creates ATP?
Have a lot of electrons and hydrogens floating around
How can you fix the problem that is created by the production of ATP in the ETC by the ATP synthase?
Electrons and Hydrogen+ are transferred and bind to O2 to produce WATER - H2O
What can permanently bind to terminal cytochrome?
Cyanide
Fatal
What is the benefit of lactic acid fermentation?
The ability to keep going with glycolysis
What does the lactic acid do in the cell or bloodstream?
alters pH
How does the lactic acid get out of cells?
diffuses out
Where does lactic acid go to get processed?
Liver
What does the liver do with lactic acid?
- Converts lactic acid back to pyruvate and glucose - which will require energy to do
- Oxygen debt in the liver
Basal metabolic rate
I am alive but not doing anything
- As SA to volume ratio increases, BMR increases
- Decreases with AGE
- Increases with temperature & Stress
- Males disproportionately high BMR
- Thyoxine increases O2 consumption, cell respiration, & BMR
Total Metabolic Rate
How we behave - All additional activities/work
- Rate of Kilocare consumption to fuel all ongoing activities
- Increases with skeletal muscle activity and food digestion
