Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 233 > Week 2 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 2 - Study Guide Flashcards

Immunity

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immune system has two intrinsic defense systems:

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) (born with)
  2. Adaptive (Specific) (exposed to)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Innate Defense System

A
  1. Set of structures and Functions born with
  2. Nonspecific - born with
    Meaning - they do not help learn anything - they only do what their specialized functions are for our entire life.
  3. They do not change
  4. They do not get better
  5. Just keep doing what they do
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A
  1. Exposed to
  2. About what we are exposed to during our life – we get sick, Fight, get better, remember it
  3. Some interconnection between innate functions and adaptive functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacteria are the most common pathogens and typically cause illnesses by 2 names:

A
  1. Endotoxins
  2. Exotoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endotoxins –

A

Components of bacterial cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacteria are cellular - group -

A
  1. Prokaryotic cell
  2. simple and small
  3. No nucleus
  4. No organelles
  5. Have genetic material
  6. Makes ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Viruses are not cellular –

A
  1. Without a host cell, they cannot do anything
  2. Viruses enter the Host
  3. Take over the cell
  4. Commandeer the cell metabolism

– Use our structures to replicate their genetic material
– And create products of themselves over and over again.
– so much that they grab components (our cell membranes)
– then deplete our resources and damage our cell membranes. (toxin build-up)
– until our cells literally die

Death due to rupture
and
Release of viral particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innate Defenses are highly connected

(Born With)

A

Non-Specific - provide protection that is not selective

SURFACE BARRIERS -
Inhibit entry of most microorganisms
1. Skin
2. Mucus membranes, hair, & cilia
Mucus- pH balance
Catch irritants
3. and their secretions and contain antibacterial toxins
Oil, sweat, enzymes, acids
4. Keratin - resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, toxins
5. Tears - contain antimicrobial enzyme - Lysosome

Mucous membranes line our hollow tubes:
digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive

INTERNAL DEFENSES
1. Phagocytes
2. NK cells
3. Inflammation
4. Antimicrobial proteins
5. Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adaptive Defenses are highly connected

(Exposed to)

A

Provides specific protection
and
generally requires a First-time exposure

Humoral Immunity
B cells

Cellular Immunity
T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Internal Defenses - Cells and Chemicals

Necessary of microorganisms invade deeper tissues:

A

NonSpecific

  1. Phagocytes
  2. NK - Natural Killers
  3. Fever
  4. Inflammatory Responses:
    Macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, inflammatory chemicals
  5. Antimicrobial Proteins (2)
    Complement proteins & Interferons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phagocytes are WBCs and come in different forms - what is the most common

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Macrophages

A
  1. Found in all organs
  2. Engulf particles by cellular eating - it pulls in what it is eating and creates a phagosome.
  3. Phagosome with the lysosome of the phagocyte - breaks down the nasty
  4. and release back into the interstitial fluid
  5. will be picked up
  6. and filtered out by the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phagosome

A

is a vesicle that fuses with the lysosome of the phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macrophages recognition of pathogen:
Aided by

A

Recognition of Pathogen- Aided by:
1. Complement
OR
2. Antibody marking

Providing a binding site for Phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antibodies are part of which immune process?

A

the Adaptive Immune Process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

We have better immune functions because of this interconnection:

A
  1. Possible interaction between:
    Phagocytes * Complement proteins - Both are Innate
  2. Antibodies are adaptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK)

A

Innate cells (born woth)

  1. type of Lymphocyte
  2. Large
    –Target our damaged cells
  3. Target and induce the process of APOPTOSIS in cancer cells and virus infected cells

When - our cells our infected, potentially have damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Apoptosis -

A

Programmed cell death`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complement proteins

A

flag invaders

innate
assist adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nonspecific

A

includes barriers - skin, mucous & more

Innate - born wot it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Specific

A

Adaptive - exposed to

  1. Complement proteins - flag invaders
  2. Generalist Phagocytes engulf invaders & commnuicate to specialist
  3. Specialist WBCs (T & B cells) learn to fight invaders and produce armies and munitions for future battles (memory cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MHC

A
  1. genes that allows us to have our own specific antigens
    AND
  2. Recognize the difference between our cell markers, the antigens, and Foreign cell markers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Humoral Body Fluids -

A

Plasma
Interstitial Fluid
Not specifically inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T & B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Effectors =

A

Plasma cells & fight right away
Take action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Memory =

A

Fights future battles with the same foe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Walk thru the steps in Antibody-Mediated Immunity
AKA - Humoral
Targeting stuff not inside the cell - plasma, interstitial fluid

A

All about B cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

T cells hanging out in the background

  1. Bacteria enters
  2. APCs (Antigen Presenting dendritic cell) phagocytize
  3. Non-infected agent is presented
  4. Helper Ts activated
  5. Helper Ts selected
  6. Helper Ts bind with B cell
  7. Activated B cell stimulated by helper T cell
  8. Selected B cell forms clones - mitosis
  9. B cell makes plasma and memory cells
  10. Plasma cells produce antibodies
  11. Bacteria disabled by antibody

causing more phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

APCs. -

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

Presenting piece of the antigen
to communicate to
Naive cells

29
Q

Walk Thru steps in Cell-Mediated Immunity

Targets things inside the cell

Example HIV

A
  1. Virus enters
  2. APCs (Antigen Presenting dendritic cell) phagocytize
  3. Non-infected agent is presented
  4. Helper Ts activated & cloned (mitosis)
  5. Cytotoxic T activated but waits for go signal
  6. Effector Helper Ts send cytokines
  7. Activated cytotoxic T cell clones (mitosis)
  8. Activated Cytotoxic T cell produces Memory and effector T cells
  9. Effector cytotoxic T performs apoptosis like a Natural Killer cell - (program cell death)
  10. Cell self destructs
30
Q

HIV example - cell-mediated immunity

A

What kills an AIDS patient? - weakened immunity - secondary issues

What type of WBC do they monitor in HIV patient? – T cells

What issue with the T cells? no communication

W/O T cells? You never get the cytokine - the communication is affected - will not be able to create effectors or memory cells.

Cannot do teh final step

31
Q

Primary Response to 1st exposure - lag time

A

Lag 3-6 days

Max - [plasma antibosy] ~10 days and declines from there

32
Q

Secondary response - timing
(Booster shot or natural exposure)

A

Sensitized memory cells responds in hours - much faster

Much higher [antibody] peaks 2-3 days

Greater antibody affinity to antigen (better - learn for next time)

[antibody] can remain high for much longer

33
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Active - antigen-induced
(you did the work). -
Natural or Artificial
Vaccines – Killed, weakened, inactive toxins (not a cellular component), antigens only (extracted)

Long Term - body did the work (from our won memory cells, antibodies - learned to fight)

Passive - antibodies only
(did not do the work)
Did not learn how to fight those pathogens
gained from some other source

Nonhuman source or mother

Immediate protection
SHortterm - body did NOT do the work

Occurs during development
Antibodies - placenta
breast feeding

34
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins secreted by bacteria

35
Q

Macrophages

A

found in all organs -
engulf particulates with pseudopods

36
Q

Pseudopds

A

fake arms to engulf

37
Q

Phagosome

A

produces vesicle – fuse with lysosomes to break down the nasties

38
Q

Recognition of pathogen aided by

A

complement protein OR antibody marking

Flag antigens - pathogens for destruction

Coordinates activity with WBCs

39
Q

Natural Killers

A

Target & Induce apoptosis - -program cell death - in cancer and virus-infected cells

40
Q

Inflammation

Solution to Pollution is dilution

A
  1. mobilizes resources
  2. Immobilize, dilute toxins
  3. Activate clotting proteins
  4. Repair
41
Q

Inflammation

Histamines

A

Vasodilation & capillary Permeability

42
Q

Inflammation

Prostaglandins

A
  1. Vasodilation & capillary Permeability
  2. Induces Pain
  3. Chemotaxis - release chemical to attract WBCs to come and fight injury
43
Q

Inflammation

Complement proteins

A
  1. Mark invaders (for destruction)
  2. Enhance inflammation
44
Q

Inflammation

Lymphokines

A

Chemotaxis - release chemical to attract WBCs to come and fight injury

45
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
46
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness

A

Send more blood to area - appears red

Vasodilation
Increased metabolic rate of cells

47
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Heat

A

Send more blood to area not only appears more red but also heats up due to blood being warm

Blood holds heat

Vasodilation
Increased metabolic rate of cells

48
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Swelling

A

Swelling - edema

Leakes protein-rich fluid in tissue spaces (interstitial fluid) & Water follows

Possible temporary limitation of joint movement

49
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Pain

A

Swelling pinches nerve endings and induces pain

Possible temporary limitation of joint movement

50
Q

Inflammation:

Some specific Inflammatory Mediators

A
  1. Histamines & Kinins
    • Vasodilation
    • capillary permeability
  2. Prostaglandins
    - Vasodilation
    • capillary permeability
      - Chemotaxis (calling other WBCs to the site - backup taxis)
    • Induces Pain
  3. Complementary Proteins
    • Tag invaders
    • lyses
    • increase inflammation response
    • increase immune response

4, Lymphokines
- chemical that aids in chemotaxis
- initiates it - calls for WBCs to come and help

51
Q

Inflammation:

Benefits of Edema (4)

A
  1. Immobility - immobilize the damaged region
  2. Dilute Toxins - Get rid of nasty and filter at kidneys
  3. Activates clotting proteins & - more resources, more chemicals in the area to initiate blood clotting
  4. Distribute Resources - water everywhere - moves things easily
52
Q

Two pathways to prolong inflammation

A
  1. Classical Pathway - flagging a cell
    Antibodies & complements bind to bacteria & flag it for phagocytosis
  2. Alternate Pathway - form a pore
    Form a pore and insert into cell wall & cause lysis

*Both pathways
1. “CASCADE” -
2. Destroy pathogens
3. Prolong inflammatory response

53
Q

Interferons. (IFNS)

Activate during viral infection

A

ALL ABOUT VIRUSES

  1. Infected cells produce & secrete IFNS and send to neighbors - healthy cell
    • gives them the code to fight the infection - preventing viral reproduction
  2. Activates macrophages & NK cells to target infected cells & possibly malignant cells
54
Q

Difference between Complement Proteins and Interferons

A

Complement proteins go after cellular things - bacteria

Interferons - interfere with the viral replication process

55
Q

Fever

Benefits - metabolism costs - denaturation risk

A

Increases body temperature
- speeds up metabolism

  1. Inhibits bacterial reproduction
  2. Improves lymphocyte activity
  3. Prostaglandins produce endogenous pyrogens - (go to brain and say turn up the heat

Aspirin interferes with prostaglandin production - fights off the formation of them.

Is a negative feedback loop

56
Q

Adaptive defenses -

A

Specific & has a memory

  1. Antibodies
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Aided by complements & phagocytes
  4. Must recognize self-antigens
  5. Amplifies inflammatory response
  6. Targets infectious agents & abnormal body cells
  7. Works with complement proteins
  8. Works best with prior exposure
57
Q

Cells of the Immune system

A

Adaptive
1. B Lymphocytes- antibody producers, aids in humoral immunity - antibody-mediated. (things in the body fluids not cells)

  1. T Lymphocytes - cell-mediated immunity

Innate
1. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - do not respond to specific antigens - they are innate.
- Play an essential auxiliary roles in immunity,
- Assisting - help the process - not the ones causing the memory, creating the long term protection

58
Q

Immunocompetence

A
  1. During maturation -
    • Any cells that fail to differentiate between our antigens (self-antigens) and foreign antigens will be destroyed.
    • Allows T & B cells to interact with our antigens and should not bind with our antigens.
  2. *Upon Release - *
    • Cell family = 1 receptor + 1 antigen
    • Receptors are genetically determined
    • Able to recognize & bind to specific antigen
  3. Naive (unexposed) B & T cells reside -
    • Lymph nodes, spleen, & lymphoid organs
59
Q

Antigens - 2 types

A

Complete Antigens

Incomplete Antigens

60
Q

Complete Antigens

A
  1. Hangs out on its own
  2. Does not need to bind

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, & nucleic acids

Stimulates immune cells & Reacts to products of immune response

61
Q

Incomplete Antigens

A

(Haptens)

  1. Chemicals from environment that bind to our proteins and acts like a complete protein

EXAMPLE - poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, & cosmetics

Chemicals on own ok -
On our protein they become a complete protein - attach to our structures - problem

React but do not activate a response directly, but can if attached to body protein

62
Q

Immunity =

A

Specificity

63
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that combine with specific antigens

Constant & variable regions

Y - antibody.
- the fork part is the variable and attaches to foreign substance
- stem is the constant

64
Q

Antigenic Determinant

A

Part of the antigen-stimulating immune response

Lock and Key

65
Q

3 ways antibodies work

A
  1. Direct - Antigen binding
  2. Indirect - Stimulating phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex
    – we called for backup
  3. Indirect - Enhances inflammatory response & activates complements
66
Q

Transplant Issues =

A

MHC antigens are unique

  1. Donor-recipient matching
  2. Immune suppressing drugs
  3. Artificial parts benefits…
67
Q

Allergy =

A

Reaction not dangerous

  1. Hypersensitivity to non-pathogenic antigen

But can become dangerous if anaphylactic shock - huge amounts os histamines - dangerous

68
Q

Autoimmune disease =

A

Attack self

Genes, infection, antigen & self similarity

Exposed earlier in life

69
Q

Cytokins

A

facilitate mitosis

BIO 233 (62 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions