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BIO 233 > Week 8 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 8 - Study Guide Flashcards

Digestive System

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1
Q

Where does CHO digestion begin?

A

Oral cavity
Lipase - breaks down lipids in saliva

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2
Q

Where is the majority of protein digestion?

A

stomach

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3
Q

What functions as endocrine and exocrine?

A

pancreas

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4
Q

WHAT PRODUCES BILE?

A

liver

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5
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

in gallbladder

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6
Q

Where is everything digested and aborbed?

A

small intestine

CHO, lipid, protein

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7
Q

Basic processes of the GI (alimentary canal)

A
  1. ingestion
  2. movement (skeletal muscle)
  3. mechanical digestion (muscles contracting and propels)
  4. chemical digestion (enzymes, pH regulators)
  5. absorption (in small intestine mostly, some in large intestine)
  6. defecation
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8
Q

How long is GI tract

A

30 feet

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9
Q

What are the 4 tissue layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. Tunica submucosa
  3. Tunica muscularis
  4. Tunica serosa
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10
Q

Characteristics & function of the tunica mucosa

A
  1. inner most layer
  2. Protects and absorbs
  3. epithelium & connective tissue
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11
Q

Characteristics & function of the tunica submucosa

A
  1. Dense CT - provides strength holding tube together
  2. Binds tube together
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12
Q

Characteristics & function of the tunica muscularis

A
  1. double layer
  2. inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal (propels) muscle
  3. skeletal muscle in mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, & anal sphincter
  4. smooth muscle - everywhere else
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13
Q

Characteristics & function of the tunica serosa

A
  1. outside of the tube
  2. CT
  3. single layer of epithelium → visceral peritoneum
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14
Q

Put the tunicas in order from innermost to outside layers

A
  1. tunica mucosa
  2. tunica submucosa
  3. tunica muscularis
  4. tunica serosa
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15
Q

If you add a strong acid (HCL) to a solution, which of the following molecules would make an effective buffer for this acid?

  1. NaH2PO4
  2. H2CO3
  3. NH2-protein-COO-
  4. NH3+-protein-COOH
A
  1. NH2-protein-COO-
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16
Q

What makes an acid or base strong?

A

Tendency to dissociate fully and therefore change pH substantially

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17
Q

What does a buffer contain to balance a strong base, or a strong acid?

A

Weak acid or base to bind or release the appropriate substance

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18
Q

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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19
Q

What are the two categories of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

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20
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is on the digestive organs surface?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is lining the abdominal wall (exterior surface)

A

Parietal peritoneum

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22
Q

What is the space that is in between the two peritoneum layers?

A

Peritoneal Cavity

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23
Q

What is the job of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The fluid lubricates the mobile organs allowing movement without friction damage

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24
Q

What is the double layer of folded peritoneum that wraps around the intestines?

A

Mesentry

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25
Q

What routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

A

Mesentry

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26
Q

What holds organs in place and stores fat?

A

Mesentry

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27
Q

Can the mesentry move or change its organization?

A

yes - some flexibility

full bladder or not,
preganacy
tight clothes

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28
Q

What forms the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Greater Omentum

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29
Q

What forms the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Lesser Omentum

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30
Q

What hangs over the intestines and is not attached?

A

Greater omentum

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31
Q

Which omentum connects stomach up to the bottom of the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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32
Q

What is the biological function of the omentums?

A
  1. Fat storage
    (long-term storage for metabolism)
    (moves fat through the digestion vis lymphatic system)
  2. Immune regulation
    (milky spots are clusters of immune cells important for defense)
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33
Q

What are the immune regulations that the omentums perform?

A
  1. Adheres to the site of inflammation
  2. Absorbs bacteria & contaminants
  3. Provides leukocytes for immune response
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34
Q

Oral Cavity - opens to:

A

oropharynx through fauces:

  1. nasopharynx - at the top
  2. oropharynx - back of oral cavity
  3. laryngopharynx - as heads down towards larynx region
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35
Q

Composition of the oral cavity includes:

A
  1. HCO3-
  2. Salivary amylase
  3. lingual lipase (initiates)
  4. Mucin - mucus, lysozyme & defensins fight bacteria, IgA antibodies
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36
Q

Another name for chewing

A

Mastication

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37
Q

Teeth that are for the ages (6-24 months)

A

deciduous teeth (20)

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38
Q

Teeth that come in from ages 6-17 years

A

permanent teeth (32)

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39
Q

Characteristics and differences of the Deciduous teeth

A
  1. Thinner enamel (appears whiter)
  2. More uniform enamel depth
  3. Dentin layer is thinner
  4. Pulp layer is thicker
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40
Q

Mechanical break down of food and act of swallowing turns food into

A

bolus

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41
Q

Another name for gums

A

gingiva

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42
Q

What is the exposed, hard surface of the tooth called

A

Crown

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43
Q

What is the crown made of

A

enamel

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44
Q

What part of the tooth is embedded in the jaw bone?

A

root

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45
Q

Protein-rich bonelike material = bulk of tooth, more flexible than enamel

A

Dentin

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46
Q

Part of the tooth that contains blood vessels, CT, nerves

A

Pulp

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47
Q

What nerve serves the teeth

A

Trigeminal nerve

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48
Q

What have a Synarthrotic joint and is fibrous

A

Gomphoses

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49
Q

What is the acidic bacterial secretions that etch enamel or dentin?

A

Caries

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50
Q

What is inflammation & degeneration of gingivae & may extend to the resorption of bone?

A

Periodontal disease

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51
Q

What is the pathway for food to the stomach?

A

esophagus

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52
Q

What is the swallowing of a bolus?

A

deglutition

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53
Q

What moves the bolus to the stomach?

A

Peristolasis

smooth muscle waves

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54
Q

What is another name for the gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

cardiac

region where it is located

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55
Q

What is the name of the sphincter that makes sure that the stomach contents do not come back up into the esophagus?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter
(Cardiac)

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56
Q

If you have a dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter what can happen?

A

heartburn or acid reflux

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57
Q

How is GI smooth muscle contraction similar to skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Actin & Myosin (sliding filament model)
  2. Trigger for contraction is Ca2+ influx
  3. ATP energizes the sliding process
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58
Q

How is GI smooth muscle contraction different than skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Ca2+ is bound by calmodulin (CaM)
  2. Calmodulin interacts with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) which phosphorylates myosin
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59
Q

Relaxation of the GI muscles includes:

A
  1. Ca2+ unbinds CaM
  2. Ca2+ transports to SR & ECF
  3. Dephosphorylation of myosin
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60
Q

Esophagus connects to the stomach –

A

Cardiac orifice → pyloric sphincter
Beginning of stomach —> end of stomach

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61
Q

What is the dome-shaped top of the stomach?

A

Fundus

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62
Q

Which omentum is superior?

A

Lesser omentum (curvature)

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63
Q

Which omentum is inferior?

A

Greater omentum (curvature)

hangs down over the intestines

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64
Q

What are the folds of the stomach lining that flatten when filling (distended)?

A

Rugae

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65
Q

How much is the max amount the stomach can hold?

A

one gallon. (4L)

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66
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Deglutition

A

swallowing popcorn that formed into a bolus

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67
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Pyloric sphincter

A

end of stomach

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68
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Peristalsis

A

smooth wave contraction moving bolus

69
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Salivary amylase

A

Enzyme that initiates digestion of CHO and lipids

70
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Gomphoses

A

socket joint for teeth

71
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Cardiac sphincter

A

where popcorn leaves esophagus and meets the stomach

The beginning of the stomach

(gastroesophageal sphincter)

72
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Bolus

A

Popcorn being chewed

73
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Rugae

A

Will begin to stretch out when popcorn (BOLUS) begin to fill the stomach

74
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Enamel

A

Hard tough chewing surface for mastication

75
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Lingual lipase

A

Initiates enymes

76
Q

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures:

Mastication

A

Chewing of the popcorn

77
Q

Mucosa - gastric glands have 4 types of cells:

A
  1. mucous cells
  2. parietal cells
  3. zymogenic (chief) cells
  4. enteroendocrine cells (gut-endocrine)
78
Q

What produces the mucus that aids in protective layer and makes sure the acidic pH. of the stomach does not damage our sensitive tissue cells?

A

Mucous cells

79
Q

What produces the ingredients needed for other aspects of digestion and are up high on the outside?

A

Parietal cells

80
Q

What two things do the parietal cells produce?

A
  1. Intrinsic factor (protein)
  2. HCl
81
Q

What protein is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic factor

82
Q

Which cells have the biggest impact on pH?

A

Parietal cells

83
Q

What do parietal cells make that activates enzymes?

A

HCL

Parietal
HCL

pH

Lowers pH in stomach allowing specific enzyme to take action

84
Q

What vitamin can we NOT live without?

A

B12

85
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

zymogenic (chief) cells

86
Q

What is a precursor molecule to pepsin and lipase?

A

pepsinogen

87
Q

What acid interacts with pepsinogen and converts it to pepsin?

A

HCl

88
Q

What breaks down protein?

A

pepsin

89
Q

Enteroendocrine cells release hormone-substance -

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin

90
Q

What increases HCl secretion from parietal cells and stimulates muscle contraction and gastric emptying?

A

gastrin

91
Q

90% of ulcers are due to:

A

H. Pylori

which is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer

92
Q

What are the two controls of gastric secretions?

A

Neural
Hormonal

93
Q

Where is neural referring to

A

in your head

94
Q

What phase where thinking, seeing, hearing, smelling, or tasting food initiates gastric secretions?
External Stimuli

A

Cephalic Phase

95
Q

What is the phase called where your stomach is readying for digestion?

A

Cephalic phase
Pavlov’s dog

96
Q

What nerve initiates gastric secretions?

A

Vagus Nerve

97
Q

Where is hormonal control of gastric secretions?

A

Local control

98
Q

What is the phase referred to that is under hormonal control?
Internal Stimuli

A

Gastric phase

99
Q

What stimulates the gastric glands?

A

Gastrin

100
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

relaxes pyloric sphincter & increases stomach motility → emptying

allows the small intestine to keep up

do not want a loss of nutrient absorption if stomach emptying is too fast

101
Q

Which has a larger diameter, stomach or small intestine?

A

stomach

102
Q

When chyme has reached the duodenum - this phase is called

A

Intestinal phase

103
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

tightens the pyloric sphincter & delays the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine

104
Q

Secretin is responsible for

A

pH balance

105
Q

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release

A

HCO3-

106
Q

What increases the pancreatic enzyme secretion?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

= digestive process

107
Q

What loosens the hepatopancreatic sphincter for flow into the duodenum?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

108
Q

What are the intestinal phase hormones?

A
  1. Secretin
  2. CCK
  3. VIP
109
Q

What hormone in the intestinal phase increases blood flow through the intestinal capillaries?

A

VIP

110
Q

What is VIP all about?

A

Absorption

111
Q

What is CCK all about?

A

digestive process

112
Q

What is secretin all about?

A

pH balance

113
Q

The order of the GI structures:

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Esophagus
  3. Gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac)
  4. Stomach
  5. Pyloric sphincter
  6. Duodenum
  7. Jejunum
  8. Ileum
  9. Cecum
  10. Appendix
  11. Ascending colon
  12. Transverse colon
  13. Descending colon
  14. Sigmoid colon
  15. Rectum
  16. Anus
114
Q

Which sphincter is at the beginning of the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

115
Q

Which sphincter is in between the small and large intestine?

A

ileocecal valve

116
Q

What are the three subsections of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum (1st foot)
  2. Jejunum (8 feet)
  3. ileum (12 feet)
117
Q

What is the unsung sphincter in the intestines?

A

ileocecal valve

118
Q

What are the three small intestine modifications?

A
  1. villi
  2. intestinal glands
  3. microvilli
119
Q

What increases mucosal surface area of the small intestine?

A

villi

larger folds

120
Q

What pits in mucosa between villi and produces intestinal juices?

A

Intestinal glands

121
Q

What cells are deep in the intestinal glands and produce defensins and lysozyme that kill bacteria?

A

Paneth cells

122
Q

Where are Paneth cells located?

A

small intestine

123
Q

What two antimicrobial agents (chemicals) do paneth cells produce?

A

defensins & lysozyme

124
Q

Which contain proteases & disaccharides in the membrane of the small intestine?

A

microvilli

125
Q

What comes from the intestinal crypts of the small intestines?

A

intestinal juice

which is mostly isotonic fluid with mucus and some lysozyme

126
Q

What is Pancreatic juices =

A

enzymes and NaHCO3-

127
Q

What 4 items are part of the pancreatic juices?

A
  1. Amylase (CHO)
  2. Lipase (fats)
  3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (proteins) - inactive form and become active once arrive in the intestines
  4. Bile - emulsifies
128
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Pancreas
  4. Salivary glands
129
Q

What does not have any direct contact with ingested material?

A

Accessory organs

130
Q

What organ that has the greatest internal surface area?

A

Liver

131
Q

The liver receives blood from two sources:

A
  1. Hepatic artery
  2. Hepatic-portal vein
132
Q

How does the blood exit from the liver?

A

through the hepatic vein

133
Q

What blood does the hepatic artery deliver?

A

oxygenated blood from the aorta

134
Q

What blood does the hepatic-portal vein deliver?

A

venous blood from the digestive system

135
Q

Compartments in the liver are called

A

lobules

136
Q

What cells line the liver and help screen blood?

A

hepatocytes

137
Q

What two fx of liver

A

Detoxifies
stores (nutrients or toxins - including glucose

138
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

139
Q

What duct from the gallbladder joins the hepatic duct forming the common bile duct?

A

cystic duct

140
Q

Back up in the gallbladder means you get

A

jaundice

141
Q

What color is bilirubin

A

Yellow

142
Q

Bile consists of

A
  1. pigments (bilirubin from heme groups on RBCs being broken down)
  2. Salts
143
Q

Bacteria metabolize bilirubin to →

A

urobilinogen that causes the feces to be brown

144
Q

Without bile…feces would be

A
  1. gray-white in color
  2. contain undigested fat
145
Q

Liver actions

A
  1. production of heparin and plasma proteins
  2. Storage
  3. Breakdown of nitrogenous wastes and alcohol by using alcohol dehydrogenase
146
Q

What role does the liver play in NFP?

A

Albumin production

Albumin is the driving force of osmotic pressure

147
Q

Since liver produces bile, why do we need lipase?

A

Bile is the emulsifier - does not break up fats - just puts them in smaller globules

Lipase - digestion of the fats

148
Q

Why would hemolytic anemia lead to jaundice?

A
  1. Breakdown of RBCs is happening too fast
  2. Puts stress on the liver
  3. There is a build-up of pigmentation in the soft tissues
149
Q

The pancreas is a gland that has three functions:

A
  1. endocrine function into the bloodstream
  2. exocrine function in the small intestine
  3. pancreatic secretion
150
Q

What of the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon?

A

islets of Langerhans

Balances out the blood glucose

151
Q

What tissue of the exocrine function of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that help balance out pH (enzymes and NaHCO3).

A

Acinar tissue

152
Q

What of the pancreas is regulated by secretin, CCK, and VIP?

A

Pancreatic secretion

153
Q

What does secretin do in the pancreas?

A

Increases pancreatic HCO3- and bile

154
Q

What does CCK do in the pancreas?

A

Increases pancreatic [enzyme]

stimulates to release the pancreatic enzyme

155
Q

What does VIP do in the pancreas?

A

It increases blood flow and pancreatic action

blood supply to help absorption

156
Q

What three things slow the emptying of the stomach by slowing the motility?

A
  1. Secretin
  2. CCK
  3. VIP

Tightens up the pyloric sphincter - so nutrients do not leave the stomach to quickly

157
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 meters

158
Q

What are the three sections of the large intestine?

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
159
Q

What is the entryway into the large intestine?

A

cecum

160
Q

What prevents the bacteria from breaching the wall of the large intestine and generates memory lymphocytes?

A

Cecum

161
Q

What attaches to the cecum and is all about bacteria refuge and MALT immunity?

A

appendix

162
Q

What are the 4 regions of the colon?

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon (s-shaped)
163
Q

What sphincter is in between the ileum and cecum?

A

ileocecal valve

164
Q

The rectum has two sphincters:

A
  1. Internal sphincter
  2. External sphincter
165
Q

Which rectum sphincter is under voluntary control?

A

external sphincter

166
Q

Which rectum sphincter is under involuntary control via spinal reflex arc?

A

internal sphincter

167
Q

What is the reflex that begins with the movement of feces into sigmoidal colon and rectum?

A

Defecation Reflex

168
Q

What manuever aids in defecation?

A

Valsalva’s maneuver

Pressure - don’t strain - caution at the gym

169
Q
A

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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