Week 10 - Study Guide Flashcards
Why is it important that the scrotum is outside the body?
Temperature regulation for the sperm
What is the pathway for pre-birth descent for the scrotum?
through the inguinal canal
What is cryptorchidism?
undescended testes → sterility
easy to get surgically
In Greek it means = hidden flowers
Orchid in Greek?
testicles
What is the surgery called that corrects cryptochordism?
Orchiopexy
What muscle raises and lowers the testes
Cremaster muscle
What muscle expands or contracts to wrinkle the scrotal skin and adjusts surface area for heat loss
Dartos muscle
What structure is in the scrotum,
- continuous with ductus deferens
- final sperm development & storage
Epididymis
What structure enters the abdomen,
- stores sperm & propels to urethra upon ejaculation
Ductus (vas) deferens
The glandular structure that joins with the ductus deferens to for the ejaculatory duct?
Seminal vesicle
What surrounds the urethra, is inside, ejaculatory ducts join & then join the urethra?
Prostrate gland
The sperm pathway from seminiferous tubules of testes -
Ducts & Pathways
- Epididymis
- Ductus (vas) deferens
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostrate gland
What kind of cells produce testosterone?
interstitial cells
What are the accessory glands?
And in order
- Seminal vesicles - 60% of volume
- Prostrate Gland - 33% of volume
- Bulbourethral Gland
What accessory gland has alkaline components & fructose, yellow pigment visible with UV light?
Seminal Vesicles
What accessory gland has a milky substance, alkaline secretion, and enzymes that activate sperm?
Prostrate gland
What accessory gland has alkaline mucus and provide lubrication during intercourse?
Bulbourethral
What stimulates reverse peristalsis (inwards) in the uterus to propel sperm that is contained in the semen?
prostaglandins
The semen contains chemicals that do what to the immune response of the female system?
suppresses (inhibits) immune response of the female system
What in the semen causes coagulation of the semen to stick to the walls of the vagina?
clotting factors
Spiderman web shooters
Which reflex is responsible for the erection?
parasympathetic reflex
(calm)
Erection fills with blood due to_____
nitric oxide that stimulates the relaxing of the smooth muscle to get more blood flow
Erection:
What retards outflow & maintains engorgement?
(more blood maintaining)
Corpora cavernosa
Erection:
What keeps the urethra open?
(less blood flow to bottom zone)
Corpus spongiosum
What reflex is responsible for ejaculation?
Sympathetic Reflex
F/F
Semen secretion via smooth muscle contraction
Ejaculation
What undergoes rapid contractions propelling semen close to 11 mph?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
What is considered fertility problems?
<20 million sperm / 3 ml
What is the inability to have or maintain an erection?
impotence
What are some possible causes of impotence?
- stress - negative impact - SNS regulation - no arousal
- SNS - heart health - NS health - mental health
- Diet - health, sleep, emotional health
Males:
Secretion controlled by hormones via…
Hypothalamus
Males:
Releasing factors from the hypothalamus…
- GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
Males:
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release what two hormones?
FSH & LH
Males:
Where do FSH and LH travel to?
to the Reproductive organs
Helps facilitate spermatogenesis
Testicle interstitial cells produce…
Testosterone
–> sperm development and maturation
Ovaries –
Multiple ovarian follicles in various stages of development
Cortex
How many ova produced for 30-40 years?
After sexual maturation (puberty) –
One ova produced ~ 28 days for 30-40 years
What holds the ovary in place?
Ovarian ligament
Different names for the Fallopian tubes
Uterine Tubes
Fallopian tubes
Oviducts
What is a funnel-like shape of uterine tube and acts like a catcher-s mitt that allows for the ovulated egg to go into the fallopian tube?
Infundibulum & fimbriae
What is the role of cilia in ovulation and where is it located?
- Cilia is located in the uterine tube
- Cilia does the wave - creating negative pressure - suction - so when the egg os ovulated from the ovary - it is going to tend to be pulled into the oviduct.
- Once egg travels - it goes through the oviduct with the goal for it to implant in the uterine lining
Where is the most common location of fertilization?
in the oviduct (fallopian tubes)
Implantation that occurs outside the uterus is called?
ectopic pregnancy
Catcher’s mitt did not catch the egg
What is PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Name the layers from outside to inside for the Uterus.
- Perimetrium - Outermost
- Myometrium - Middle layer
- Endometrium - innermost layer
What layer of the uterus turns over monthly?
Endometrium
Vagina - what kind of secretion retards (controls) bacterial growth?
acid secretion
What is farthest from the opening of the vagina?
fundus
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
What hormones for females affect the fluid and electrolyte balance in interstitial fluid?
Estrogen & progesterone
Another name for ADH?
AVP - Arginine Vasopressin
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
- Follicular
- Ovulation
- Luteal
What phase of the ovarian cycle where there is
1. ⬆ FSH stimulates follicle growth & increases estrogen
2. Estrogen causes primary oocyte to fully develop
3. High estrogen stimulates LH release
Phase I - Follicular phase of the Ovarian Cycle
What stimulates follicle growth?
FSH
What stimulates LH release?
estrogen
What stimulates ovulation?
⬆LH – stimulates ovulation & bursting of the follicle
What day is ovulation?
Day 14
What phase of the ovarian cycle is where LH stimulates ovulation and bursting of the follicle?
Phase II - Ovulation
When the follicle bursts - what structure does it create?
corpus luteum (CL)
Corpus Luteum remains until when?
Remains if zygote forms
degenerates in 10 days otherwise
What does Corpus Luteum produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
which also inhibits further ovulation
What inhibits further ovulation?
Estrogen & progesterone
Birth control mimics high hormones to stop ovulation. What structure does it mimic?
Corpus Luteum
Three phases of the Uterine Cycle
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
What phase of the uterine cycle is:
- the first day of cycle (5-days)
- blood, endometrial tissue, fluid & mucus
- follicles are growing
Menstrual phase
What phase of the uterine cycle is:
- End of menstruation (8 days)
- Estrogen stimulates endometrial growth
- Ovulation at day 14
Proliferative phase
What phase of the uterine cycle is:
- Estrogen & progesterone produced
- Stimulates endometrial growth & vascularization
- ~ 10 days
Secretory Phase
Diploid =
46 total chromosomes
2 sets of 23 pairs
Haploid =
after meiosis = haploid
1 set of 23 chromosomes
Meiosis allows the production of:
egg or sperm
Daughter cells of…
mitosis
exact replicas
2n
End Goal of Mitosis & Meiosis =
2n vs n
Meiosis I = separates homologous chromosomes
Meiosis II = separate sister chromatids
Meiosis I did not go well –
Non-Disjunction Errors
Trisomy = 3 copies of that particular chromosome
Monosomy = 1 copy of that particular chromosome
Which of the Trisomy’s live birth are fatal?
Patau syndrome (13)
Edwards syndrome (18)
Which of Trisomy’s live births can live…
Down Syndrome (21)
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
KS - lady with lots of issues - web neck etc
Monosomy - syndrome
Fatal if involving somatic chromosomes
Turner’s Syndrome - XO
Tall – some patterns of female on male
- Puberty to death
- Modification of army required
- Head = enzymes for penetration
- Midpiece = mitochondria
- Tail = propulsion
Spermatogenesis
- Born with a set number, ovulate 1/month
- Polar Bodies = all eggs one basket
- Completion only at fertilization
- Menopause
Oogenesis
What is secreted by cells that become the placenta?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
What maintains corpus luteum & hormones?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Home pregnancy uses this to determine pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
When is Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced?
at the point of fertilization
What fights polyspermy?
Cortical reaction
What does sperm bind to and cause Ca2+ to rise in sperm & ova cytoplasm (from ER)
Receptors
Cortical granule exocytosis →
hardens zona pellucida 7 removes receptors (zonal inhibiting proteins ZIPs)
- Changes in ovary start 40-50 years
- No response of follicle to FSH & LH
- Follicles stop producing estrogen so ovulation stops
- Without corpus luteum, progesterone does not get produced
menopause
Impacts of _______
- Excess FSH & LH may cause symptoms because estrogen - negative feedback slowing GnRH @ hypothalamus
Menopause
Disease:
- Extra-uterine endometrial tissue in abdominal cavity that responds to hormones
- Blood accumulates at site & causes pain & discomfort
Endometriosis
female
Disease:
- Bacterial Infection & scsarring
- Scarring can cause sterility
Pelvic inflammatory disease
PID - female
Disease:
- Common in cervix, uterus, & breast
- May be benign or malignant
Tumors
female
Disease:
- Inflammation of prostrate, compresses urethra
Prostatitis
male
Disease:
- most common solid tumor found in males age 15-34
- May be as common as 1/250 men
Testicular Cancer
males
Disease:
- Protrusion of abdominal cavity through inguinal canal
- Lifetime risk 27% men, 3% or women
Inguinal Hernia
males mainly
Phenotype will -
show
Genotype will -
show and possess
Genes code for
code for a particular piece of information
does not specify what form
Allele codes for
Specific form of trait
