Week 4 - Homework Quiz

Question 1

What is the normal pressure range for CO2 in the blood (pCO2)?

a. 35-45 mmHg.

b. 10-100 mmHg.

c. 97-100 mmHg.

d. 55-65 mmHg.

e. 75-100 mmHg.

Answer 1

a. 35-45 mmHg

Question 2

Identify the form of acid-base disturbance using these values. pH = 7.33, pCO2 = 47, HCO3- = 26.

a. Respiratory alkalosis.

b. Respiratory acidosis.

c. Metabolic acidosis.

d. Metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 2

b. Respiratory acidosis.

Question 3

The respiratory rate can also be influenced by blood pressure. For example, if blood pressure is low respiratory rate can increase to compensate. Consider what you learned during week 1 cardiovascular and identify which form of compensation this fits under.

a. Gravity assist to passively help blood flow returning to the heart.

b. Thoracic pump assist improving pressure gradients to push blood flow to the heart.

c. Skeletal muscle pump assist to push blood flow back toward the heart.

d. Cardiac suction assist improving blood flow returning to the heart.

Answer 3

b. Thoracic pump assist improving pressure gradients to push blood flow to the heart.

Question 4

If a healthy individual increases pulmonary ventilation what happens to the levels of CO2 and H2CO3 in the blood?

a. CO2 will rise, and H2CO3 will fall.

b. CO2 will rise, and H2CO3 will rise.

c. CO2 will fall, and H2CO3 will fall.

d. CO2 will fall, and H2CO3 will rise.

Answer 4

c. CO2 will fall, and H2CO3 will fall.

Question 5

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3-). Identify the acid.

a. CO2.

b. H+.

c. H2O.

d. HCO3-.

e. H2CO3.

Answer 5

e. H2CO3.

Question 6

Where does the bulk of bicarbonate production occur in the bloodstream (due to the function of carbonic anhydrase enzyme)?

a. Inside our body cells.

b. Inside the red blood cells.

c. Inside the white blood cells.

d. In the plasma.

e. In the interstitial fluids.

Answer 6

b. Inside the red blood cells.

Question 7

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What value is found on the x-axis of this graph?

a. pO2 mmHg or partial pressure of oxygen.

b. SO2 or percent saturation of hemoglobin.

Answer 7

a. pO2 mmHg or partial pressure of oxygen.

Question 8

At what location does carbon dioxide diffuse into the bloodstream due to the partial pressure gradients?

a. At the lungs.

b. At the tissues.

Answer 8

b. At the tissues.

Question 9

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> (H+) + HCO3-). When at the lungs, what direction does the respiratory equation proceed in?

a. Left to right (as it is written above).

b. Right to left (as it is written above)

Answer 9

b. Right to left (as it is written above)

Question 10

What respiratory disease is associated loss of lysosomal membrane stability leading to damage of lung tissue due to enzyme activity and loss of elastic recoil?

a. Asthma.

b. Cystic fibrosis.

c. Tuberculosis.

d. Emphysema.

e. Pneumonia.

Answer 10

d. Emphysema.

Question 11

In what scenario(s) will the body shift from monitoring CO2 as the primary means to control respiration rate to monitoring pO2 instead?

a. During normal bouts of exercise.

b. During stress.

c. During childhood or development in utero.

d. During illness like a common cold or flu.

e. During exposure to high altitude or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Answer 11

e. During exposure to high altitude or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Question 12

What region of the brain allows a degree of voluntary control over the rate of breathing?

a. Medulla oblongata.

b. Pons.

c. Cortex.

d. Hypothalamus.

Answer 12

c. Cortex.

Question 13

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. According to the graph, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in exercising tissues?

a. 100 mmHg.

b. 15 mmHg.

c. 0 mmHg.

d. 40 mmHg.

e. 80 mmHg.

Answer 13

b. 15 mmHg.

Question 14

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What is the normal utilization coefficient for an adult under exercising conditions?

a. 25%.

b. 50%.

c. 100%.

d. 45%.

e. 75%.

Answer 14

e. 75%.

Question 15

What percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood as bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

a. 7-10%.

b. 40%.

c. 30%.

d. 20%.

e. 70%

Answer 15

e. 70%

Question 16

If a healthy individual decreases pulmonary ventilation what will happen to H2CO3 and pH?

a. H2CO3 will fall and pH will rise.

b. H2CO3 will rise and pH will rise.

c. H2CO3 will rise and pH will fall.

d. H2CO3 will fall and pH will fall.

Answer 16

c. H2CO3 will rise and pH will fall.

Question 17

What respiratory disease is associated with inflammation and bronchospasms, and has a name that translates as ‘to pant’?

a. Pneumonia.

b. Cystic fibrosis.

c. Emphysema.

d. Asthma.

e. Tuberculosis.

Answer 17

d. Asthma.

Question 18

Consider the respiratory equation (CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3-). Identify the component that is measured by pH.

a. HCO3-.

b. H2O.

c. CO2.

d. H+.

e. H2CO3.

Answer 18

d. H+.

Question 19

Consider the normal range for body values for factors that relate to acid-base balance of the blood. Which value is NOT indicating a correct homeostatic range?

a. HCO3- = 27-32 mEq/L.

b. paCO2 = 35-45 mmHg (‘a’ is for arterial).

c. paO2 = 80-100 mmHg (‘a’ is for arterial).

d. pH = 7.35-7.45.

e. SO2 = 95-100%.

Answer 19

a. HCO3- = 27-32 mEq/L.

Question 20

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located that monitor blood gas (CO2 and or O2) pressures in the human body?

a. Carotid arteries and aorta.

b. Carotid arteries.

c. Medulla oblongata.

d. Aorta and medulla oblongata.

e. Aorta.

Answer 20

a. Carotid arteries and aorta.

Question 21

At what location will the chloride shift cause chloride to enter the red blood cell (erythrocyte) in exchange for another anion (which you need to know but I am not telling you what it is in this question)?

a. At the lungs.

b. At the tissues.

Answer 21

b. At the tissues.

Question 22

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. According to the graph, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs?

a. 0 mmHg.

b. 80 mmHg.

c. 40 mmHg.

d. 100 mmHg.

e. 20 mmHg.

Answer 22

d. 100 mmHg.

Question 23

Identify the form of acid-base disturbance using these values. pH = 7.49, pCO2 = 44, HCO3- = 29.

a. Respiratory alkalosis.

b. Respiratory acidosis.

c. Metabolic acidosis.

d. Metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 23

d. Metabolic alkalosis.

Question 24

The medulla oblongata helps to maintain the blood pH through a homeostatic mechanism. Identify the action of the effector within this mechanism that must be taken if CO2 levels fall.

a. The medulla measures the low CO2 levels.

b. The intercostal muscles and diaphragm slow their rate and depth of contraction.

c. The volume of gas expelled during exhalation increases.

d. The pCO2 levels decrease.

e. The pH of the blood is too acidic.

Answer 24

b. The intercostal muscles and diaphragm slow their rate and depth of contraction.

Question 25

What substance(s) can bind to hemoglobin?

a. Carbon monoxide (CO).

b. Oxygen (O2).

c. Carbon dioxide (CO2).

d. Hydrogen ions (H+).

e. All listed options can bind to hemoglobin.

Answer 25

e. All listed options can bind to hemoglobin.

Question 26

Select the factor(s) that influence the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

a. All listed options influence the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

b. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2).

c. Blood pH.

d. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).

e. Temperature.

Answer 26

a. All listed options influence the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Question 27

In the chloride shift associated respiratory physiology, what ion is undergoing antiport along with chloride?

a. Calcium (Ca2+).

b. Bicarbonate (HCO3-).

c. Sodium (Na+).

d. Hydrogen (H+).

e. Potassium (K+).

Answer 27

b. Bicarbonate (HCO3-).

Question 28

Examine the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and answer this question. What is the normal utilization coefficient for an adult at rest?

a. 75%.

b. 45%.

c. 25%.

d. 50%.

e. 100%.

Answer 28

c. 25%.

Question 29

During hyperventilation what happens to the conditions within the bloodstream?

a. More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will fall.

b. More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise.

c. Less CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise.

d. Less CO2 will be breathed out and pH will fall.

Answer 29

b. More CO2 will be breathed out and pH will rise.