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BIO 233 > Week 1 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 1 - Study Guide Flashcards

Cardiovascular System

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1
Q

Structures of the blood vessels -
Name the three Tissue Layers

A
  1. Tunic Intima
  2. Tunic Media
  3. Tunic Externa
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2
Q

Composition & Function of:

Tunic Intima

A

Structure:
Simple Squamous

Function:
1. Tissue release NITRIC OXIDE
2. to control the diameter

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3
Q

Composition & Function of:

Tunic Media

A

Structure:
1. Smooth muscle
2. Elastic
3. Collage

Function:
1. Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation

Important for directing blood

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4
Q

Composition & Function of:

Tunic Externa

A

Structure:
1. Loose Connective Tissue

Function:
1. Strength and Rigidity (stability)
Holds everything in

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5
Q

Name the 3 tissue layers of the blood vessels:

Outer
middle
internal

A

Outer Layer = Tunica Externa

Middle Layer = Tunica Media

Internal Layer == Tunica Intima

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6
Q

Valves present in

A

Veins

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7
Q

Sphincters present in

A

Arterioles, capillaries

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8
Q

Three types of Arteries

A
  1. Elastic (conducting arteries)
  2. Muscular (distributing) Arteries
  3. Resistance Arteries (Arterioles)
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9
Q

Elastic is located where and an example:

A

closest to the heart

Aorta

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10
Q

Another name for elastic arteries

A

Conducting arteries

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11
Q

Structure & Function of

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Changes in systole & diastole to accommodate pressure changes

Large diameter = low resistance

When the blood pressure spikes during systole, the elastic nature of these arteries expands.

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12
Q

Structure & Function of

Muscular (distributing) arteries

A

Most names arteries

Distributes blood to specific regions - controls blood flow to specific regions according to body needs

EX –> deliver blood to kidney - renal vein

Controls blood flow to organs
Major component is the muscle itself

Exaggerated tunic media - because it is a muscular artery, the key element is the amount of smooth muscle.

  1. Has the most smooth muscle and the least of endothelium tissue

Muscular has the most smooth muscle
followed by Elastic in the middle, and Arteriole having the least smooth muscle.

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13
Q

Structure & Function of

Resistance Arteries

A

Resistance arteries help regulate blood pressure from the arterioles.

Resistance arteries are small with smooth muscle. Small, sphincter, smooth muscles

Connection point from the arteries to the capillaries and specifically regulate blood flow to the capillaries

Provides the highest degree of control via sphincters (constriction & dilation)

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14
Q

Structure & Function of

Arterioles - part of the Resistance

A

Resistance vessels that regulate blood flow to capillaries, neural, hormonal, & local control via chemicals.

Functionality - hormone, ANS, local chemicals, sphincters

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15
Q

Capillaries are all about….

A

Exchange

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16
Q

Where don’t we find capillaries?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Epithelial (poor) blood is in CT
  3. Cornea & lens
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17
Q

Structure & Function of

Metarteriole vs Thoroughfare channels

A

Leading to a capillary bed.

10-100 capillaries off of one metarteriole,
exchange at the capillary bed

Vary in size by how many branches off the main capillary and is the major entry into a capillary bed.

1-cell thick tunica intima - capillaries are very thin and facilitates exchange of resources

Sphincters in the arterioles can control blood leaving the metarteriole into the capillary bed through the sphincters

Just because blood enters the metarteriole DOES NOT mean it enters the individual capillary beds.

Because we have sphincters, if blood is limited and cannot enter the capillary bed, because the sphincter is closed, the blood will continue through the metarteriole into the thoroughfare channel. - A shortcut that bypasses the capillary bed

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18
Q

Features of the capillaries

A

Interconnection between the arterioles and the thoroughfare channels.

Metarterioles and Thoroughfare channels are details of how the system works

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19
Q

Metarteriole vs Thoroughfare channels

A

Generally, both take blood from arteriole venule

Meta can bypass capillary via sphincters

Thoroughfare channels shunt blood to the venule

Metarterioles have sphincters directing

Thoroughfare channels have NO sphincters - wants to push out - always open

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20
Q

Three types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoidal
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21
Q

Order the capillaries from least leaky to most leaky

A

least leaky - Continuous
midrange leaky - Fenestrated
Most leaky - Sinusoidal

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22
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Found in skin & muscle

Most common because they are all over the body

Continuous capillaries are less leaky because they only have small openings in between endothelial cells.

This is important because has control over how many substances (how large) enter or leave the blood vessel structure

Not found in the CNS because we have the Blood-Brain Barrier. which has its own due to astrocytes.

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23
Q

What is Fenestrated also known as?

A

Windows

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24
Q

Where are Fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Pores –> absorption or filtration

Examples:
1. Small intestines - absorption of nutrients
2. Kidneys - filtering solutes and fluids out of bloodstream into urine
3. Endocrine Organs - Facilitates movement of hormones

Midrange leaky - Not thee leakiest but pretty leaky - hence why they are called windowed.

They have Pores that facilitate 2 major processes:
1. Absorption - like in digestion
2. Filtration - like in the kidneys

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25
Q

Where are the Sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla. – filter and monitor for bacteria

Most leaky, which slow blood flow to modify contents.*

The blood flow wanders through all these openings.
Has TORTUROUS Blood Flow which loops in and out, weaves through these really leaky blood vessels
Not as organized as fenestrated

Bone Marrow - produces more blood cells & blood clotting platelet elements which are produced and then leave the bone marrow.

Liver - Producing, filtering, storage, removal. ALOT of WORK. Filters toxins, breaks down RBCs, Iron storage.

Spleen - lymphatic system - influences immunity - more blood

Adrenal Medulla - internal Adrenal Gland - produces own hormones

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26
Q

Differentiates Elastic arteries

A

deals with big changes in pressure (near heart) - example Aorta - conducting

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27
Q

Differentiates Muscular arteries

A

distributing flow to organs - most named vessel

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28
Q

Differentiates Resistance Arteries

A

Regulates blood flow to capillaries via sphincters (arterioles).

vasodilation
vasoconstriction

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29
Q

Differentiates Continuous capillaries

A
  1. Skin and muscle
  2. small open junctions for exchange
  3. least leaky
  4. most common and numerous
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30
Q

Differentiates Fenestrated capillaries

A
  1. leaky for absorption and filtration (kidneys, GI , & endocrine)
  2. Midrange leaky
  3. windowed
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31
Q

Differentiates Sinusoidal capillaries

A
  1. Most leaky
  2. liver, bone marrow, spleen, & adrenal medulla
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32
Q

Pressure =

A

exertion of force upon a surface by an object

Shape of the container is not the big factor

P= Force/Area

Meaning - lots of different blood vessels
Force exerted by a liquid depends on height and density of liquid not the containers shape

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33
Q

Pascal’s Law - Charlene’s version

A

Blood will push against the walls of the tube and at the bottom equally

Water is the main component and will push out equally (the same)

Taking blood pressure:
Cuff pressure = pressure in artery = pressure in column of Hg and we read the height.

Mercurey is the heavy substance needed

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34
Q

Capacitance Vessels
(Venules & Veins)

A

blood vessels that contain most of the blood and that can readily accommodate changes in the blood volume. They are generally considered to be veins.

Blood reservoir - contains ~65% of all blood volume. 2/3

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35
Q

Venules size is

A

midsized
- between arteries and veins

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36
Q

Venules cause a lot of….

A

Edema because they are highly leaky.

Fluids and solutes leak out into the tissues and lead to edema

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37
Q

Venules have the porosity associated with…

A

capillaries

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38
Q

Is there leakiness in veins?

A

No

Because they have thicker muscles, not as thick as arteries,
Have a little more muscle, tunic media, and the Tunic Externa is substantial

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39
Q

Capacitance vessels have…

A

(Venules & Veins)

Have a high capacity of blood volume compared to arteries and capillaries

Meaning - a lot of the blood supply can build up in the veins and venules.

Because they are very stretchy compared to other blood vessel types.

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40
Q

Info on Capacitance Vessels
(Veins & Venules)

A
  1. Capillary beds unite…then venules unite
  2. Porosity –> common origin of Edema
  3. Low pressure (big issue with veins and venules). Because of all that low blood pressure it needs another mechanism that facilitates blood return back to the heart (venous return.)

3a. Skeletal muscle, valves, & thoracic pump

  1. Blood reservoir – up to 65% of blood volume
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41
Q

Why do you NOT want excessive amounts of blood sticking around in the venules & veins?

A

Because it means that cardiac output will not be maintained very well

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42
Q

Thoracic Negative Pressure

A
  1. Breathing creates thoracic negative pressure.

When we breathe deeply –
1. Ribcage goes out
2. Diaphragm pushes down which creates low pressure in the thoracic cavity.
But - relatively high pressure in the abdomen.

Because of this pressure dynamic – High on abdomen; Low in the thoracic cavity –
The blood in the abdomen wants to push back towards the heart in the thoracic cavity

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43
Q

Are Veins stretchy

A

Yes, they are stretchy

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44
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Amount of fluid in a space - Blood Pressure

High blood pressure for prolonged periods of time can damage the venules or veins

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45
Q

Special Issues with veins
Problems

A
  1. Varicose Veins
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Hemmorhoids
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46
Q

Special Issues with veins
Problems:

Varicose veins

A
  1. Distended vessels & Incompetent valves. (so much stretching that when the valves try to shut the edges do not connect. Blood will pool in the extremities - expanding the vessels)
  2. Due to prolonged elevation in hydrostatic pressure (too much fluid - stays too long)

Usually caused by too much standing - lack of movement for long periods of time. Get moving - use that skeletal pump.

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47
Q

Special Issues with veins
Problems:

Pregnancy

A

Pressure on the abdominal wall.

When pregnant mother breathes - they are not getting the same balance of pressure due to the negative thoracic pressure,

  1. there is an abnormally high pressure on the abdominal veins
  2. so the blood returning to the abdomen does not go as easily
  3. increases the pressure in the legs

Edema - common in ankles (periphery)
swelling in legs common

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48
Q

Special Issues with veins
Problems:

Hemorrhoids

A

Distended vein in rectal region

Due to dietary issues that cause constipation

Drink water and eat fiber!!

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49
Q

Pressure formula

A

F = ∆ P/R

F = blood flow (amount per unit of time)
∆ = change
P = pressure
R = Resistance

F = amount per unit of time (ml/min)

∆P = difference in pressure between two points.
(Big change in pressure from artery to venule)
(Small pressure difference between venule to vein)

R = resistance (easily altered via vessel diameter)
Factor to work against to get the blood to flow
Major source of resistance in body is vessel diameter
As Blood vessels more dilated = lower resistance = easier to push blood through the vessels
*More restricted blood vessels are = resistance = harder to push blood flow through the vessels

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50
Q

Pressure does what?

A

Drives the blood flow

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51
Q

Perfusion

A

Related to blood flow

Instead of saying one blood vessel
you are looking at an entire VOLUME of tissue

Many blood vessels of that particular volume of tissue

How much blood is delivered to that tissue over time

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52
Q

Systolic & Diastolic Pressure

A

Pulse pressure = difference between systolic & diastolic pressure

Blood pressure: P=Force/Area

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53
Q

Mean Arterial BP
(MABP)

A

other ways of calculating pressure

= Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Because BP varies by location

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54
Q

Importance:
Peripheral Resistance

Arterioles matter

A

Peripheral Resistance is important in understanding the dynamics of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.

Arterioles matter because they create the control where blood is sent throughout the body.

Sphincters give the ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.

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55
Q

Peripheral Resistance =

A

opposition to flow due to friction of vessels walls (3 mediating factors)

Factors influence, but do NOT control the resistance itself.

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56
Q

What are the three mediating factors of resistance?

A
  1. Viscosity
  2. Vessel Length
  3. Vessel Radius
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57
Q

factors of resistance

Viscosity

A

Viscosity- albumin & erythrocytes

  1. Blood has a degree of thickness
    ~is it fluid = well hydrated
    ~is it more viscous = dehydration - due to more molecules passing through the system (sugar, ketones, etc.)
  2. Viscosity = Dynamic

DO NOT VARY QUICKLY

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58
Q

factors of resistance

Vessel length

A

Vessel Length - cumulative friction of travel - consider growth or weight change

Cannot control vessel length

It does influence overall resistance in how. much flow there is

Change of blood flow and pressure because of increased resistance. Blood pressure may go up.

Will need to lengthen to support body mass for weight gain or growth

DO NOT VARY QUICKLY

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59
Q

factors of resistance

Vessel Radius

A

Vessel Radius
CAN VARY QUICKLY moment by moment

Embarrassed - face reddens

HUGE – HAVE CONTROL

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60
Q

What aids the regulation of viscosity?

A

Albumin

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61
Q

Flow is proportional to

(a) = a is called alpha

A

the 4th power of the radius.

meaning - the focus is blood volume

As radius increases = blood flow increases even faster.

The fourth power makes the big change

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62
Q

What do the proteins Albumin & Eurothrocytes due regarding viscosity?

A

Proteins help to regulate blood volume and osmotic pressures allowing for the right balance of water to stay in blood vessels or the tissues

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63
Q

Resistance varies inversely with

A

with the fourth power of the radius

Diameter goes up - flow goes up
Resistance reduces flow

Resistance goes up, flow goes down

64
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

F = ∆ P π r (4th power)
—————————
8 n L

Components

F = flow
∆ P = pressure gradient
π = pi
r (4th power) = vessel radius
n = viscosity
L = vessel length
8 = constant - will not change

65
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

How to predict changes

Direct Proportionality

A

F = ∆ P π r (4th power)
—————————
8 n L

Blood Flow is proportional to pressure gradient & vessel radius –> everything is in the NUMERATOR

∆ P π r (4th power)

If these values go up they vary directly –

Meaning: (go in the same direction)

  1. if the values P or R go up
    F goes up
  2. If the values P or R go down
    F goes down

F= Blood flow

66
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

How to predict changes

Inverse

A

F = ∆ P π r (4th power)
—————————
8 n L

Blood flow is inversely proportional to vessel length & blood viscosity –> everything in the DENOMINATOR

Meaning: (go in opposite direction)

  1. if viscosity goes up: n up
    blood flow decreases: F down
    OR
  2. If length goes up: L up
    blood flow decreases: F down
  3. if viscosity goes down: n down
    blood flow increases: F up
    OR
  4. If length goes down: L down
    blood flow increases: F up

F= Blood flow

67
Q

Applying Poiseuille’s Law

Radius greater =
Radius smaller =

A

F = ∆ P π r (4th power)
—————————
8 n L

Radius greater = greatest flow
Radius smaller = greatest resistance

Biggest influence = resistance - radius
Artery changes resistance - dilate/constrict

68
Q

Changing the resistance has what relationship on blood flow

A

Most dramatic effect

A 19% increase in radius will double the volume flowrate

69
Q

What percent in radius increase will double the blood flow

A

A 19% increase in radius will double the volume flowrate

70
Q

What percent of occlusion will halve the volume flow rate?

A

19% occlusion

71
Q

Blood flow examples of Poiseuille’s Law - (describes smooth flow conditions)

A
  1. Small vessels are the dominant contributors to flow resistance
  2. Small amounts of arterial occlusion can have dramatic effects. (Is the largest factor of flow resistance.)
  3. Flow regulation is accomplished by vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the arterioles
72
Q

Flow is DIRECTLY proportional to vessel diameter

A

Flow is DIRECTLY proportional to vessel diameter

73
Q

Flow is INDIRECTLY proportional to blood viscosity

A

Flow is INDIRECTLY proportional to blood viscosity

74
Q

Flow is INDIRECTLY proportional to the vessel length

A

Flow is INDIRECTLY proportional to the vessel length

75
Q

Flow is DIRECTLY proportional to the pressure difference

A

Flow is DIRECTLY proportional to the pressure difference

Bigger gradient = big force
Small gradient = small force

76
Q

What are the 3 control mechanisms that regulate peripheral resistance?

A
  1. Local - in response to blood chemical composition
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
77
Q

Regulating peripheral resistance:

Local - in response to blood chemical composition

General Idea - Informational

Think homeostasis

A
  1. Autoregulation -
    Adjust flow to allow removal or accumulation of materials.
    As normal metabolism occurs you will need to adjust the amount of blood flow to a given region to help remove the accumulation of CO2 & metabolic wastes.
  2. Local Hypoxia -
    –> Metabolic products (CO2, lactic acid, adenosine change pH) inhibit smooth muscle (vasodilator products)
    Tissues will monitor the levels of CO2 – (CO2 and O2 are in opposition)
    If you have a lot of CO2 - means you do not have much O2
  3. Endothelial cells & platelets produce chemicals …
    (associated with damage to the tissue)
    Vasodilators - nitric oxide & prostacyclin (prostaglandins)
    Vasoconstrictors - endothelins, serotonin & thromboxane (clotting)
  4. Precapillary sphincters = only respond to local stimuli & vasoactive hormones
    Help regulate blood flow -
    sphincters associated with metarterioles - precapillary sphincter can close off blood supply so that the blood can be routed to the correct places instead of all over at once.
    Local control can help with this
78
Q

Regulating peripheral resistance:

List the FOUR LOCAL types:

A
  1. Autoregulation - adjusts the flow to allow for removal or accumulation of materials
  2. Local Hypoxia - Metabolic products inhibits smooth muscle (vasodilator products)
  3. Endothelial cells & platelets produce chemicals -
    vasodilation - nitric oxide & prostacyclin
    vasoconstrictors - thromboxane, endothelins, serotonin
  4. Precapillary sphincters - only respond to local stimuli & vasoactive hormones
79
Q

Neural

Baroreflex. – pressure

Reflex = if you vasodilate - it reduces blood pressure

A

GOAL - lower blood pressure

Stimulus: High Blood Pressure

Receptors: Carotid Arteries, Aorta

Control Center: Medulla Oblongata. vasomotor center - inhibitory) meaning if you are inhibiting vasomotor center action it will reduce the amount of muscular contraction. Smooth muscle in blood vessels are going to relax - inhibited- causing vasodilation

Effector: Arterioles & veins. - (Arterioles are a major influence on Resistance.)

Response: Vasodilation

Parasympathetic will cause heart to slow
(rest and digest)

80
Q

Neural

Chemoreflex

Think chemical (nervous system steps in)

Remember - O2 & CO2 are in opposition of each other

A

Goal - increase cardiac output and vasodilation = more oxygen

Stimulus: Low pH or O2, high CO2.
(if O2 is low = pH is low)
(if O2 is high = pH is high)

Receptors: Carotid Arteries

Control Center: Medulla Oblongata

Effector: Heart, blood vessels, & more

Response: Increase Cardiac Output, vasoresponses (dilate or constrict)

81
Q

Neural

Medullary Ischemic reflex

Low Blood Flow in the medulla

Cerebral Ischemic Response safeguards cerebral perfusion

A

Goal - Get blood to the brain

Stimulus: Low Cerebral Blood FLow

Receptors: Medulla Oblongata measures hypoxia (low O2) & hypercapnia (high CO2)

Control Center: Medulla oblongata vasomotor center (stimulatory). causing vasoconstriction in the extremities to save the brain

Effector:. Extremity blood vessels

Response: Intense vasoconstriction (to bring blood to the brain)

82
Q

Sympathetic influences blood vessel diameter directly via the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata.

Inputs from three Autonomic reflex circuits with vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata as the control center are:

A
  1. Baroflex
  2. Chemoreflex
  3. Medullary ischemic reflex
83
Q

Hormonal

Renin –> Angiotensin –> Aldosterone

A

Stimulus: Low BP, BV, Na+, High K+

Receptors: Kidney

Control Center: Kidney

Effector: Kidney - NEPHRONS

Response: Na+/H2O retention, K+ secretion

84
Q

Hormonal - produced by the heart

(ANP) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (Factor)

causes a reduction of BP - vasodilation

A

ANP released by the heart - inhibits Aldosterone to keep aldosterone from increasing BV & BP (by less NA+ and H2O are being absorbed resulting in peeing more leading to reduction of BV & BP)
At the same time ANP stimulates vasomotor center so vasodilation occurs resulting in lower BP & BV)

Stimulus: heart being overworked

Receptors: Heart

Control Center: Heart

Effector: Kidney, Nephrons (don’t make more Renin which leads to Aldosterone)

Response: Reduces BP, BV, & Vasodilation

85
Q

Hormonal

ADH

Solution to pollution is dilution

A

ADH produced by posterior pituitary
goes to kidneys
Only impacts WATER reabsorption (increases it)
Does not impact solutes
Pee less - BV, BP goes up

Stimulus: Dehydration - High solutes - Na+, Low BV, BP

Receptors: Hypothalamus

Control Center: Hypothalamus

Effector: Kidney, nephrons

Response: Water retention, increased BP, BV & vasoconstriction

High solutes gets peed out for a more balanced solute level

86
Q

Hormonal

Epinephrine

Short-term stress causes release of epinephrine

Blood Pressure - coming from adrenal gland - sympathetic NS

A

Stimulus:. Short term stress

Receptors: Hypothalamus

Control Center: Hypothalamus, Adrenal Gland (releases epinephrine)

Effector: Heart, vessels

Response: Increased cardiac output & Vasoconstriction

87
Q

Which neural reflexes lead to vasodilation VS vasoconstriction?

Baroreflex
Chemoreflex
Medullary Ischemic Reflex

A

Baroreflex - vasodilation

Chemoreflex - Both - Vasodilation in metabolic areas - Vasoconstrict to push to the core
Medullary Ischemic Reflex - vasoconstricts

88
Q

If the heart pumped a drop of blood to the brain, which of the following vessels are NOT an option for a step in the pathway?

  1. Aorta
  2. Brachiocephalic artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
  4. Left common carotid
  5. Right common carotid
  6. Right external jugular
A
  1. Left subclavian artery – below clavicle - arm flow
  2. Right external jugular - back down
89
Q

Hormonal

Renin –> Angiotensin –> Aldosterone

Hormones always target……..

A

vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstrict or vasodilate)

and

regulate the activity of the vasomotor center

meaning - the medulla oblongata will be targeted to help dilate or constrict certain blood vessels

90
Q

Renin is released by

A

kidneys

91
Q

Renin leads to the production cascade –

A

Angiotensin

92
Q

Renin leads to the production of

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

It goes back to the kidneys

causing increase absorption of Na+ & H2O

reabsorption of NA+ - water follows it
Resulting in retention of Na+ & H2O
causing secreting of K+

Meaning - you have a retention of fluid

Increasing blood volume
Increasing Blood Pressure

94
Q

What hormone do you need when you have stress -

low BV
low BP
too much K+
too little Na+

A

Aldosterone

95
Q

What raises BV and BP

A

Aldosterone
ADH
Epinephrine

96
Q

What lowers BP

A

ANP

97
Q

What does Epinpehrine do

A

Increase blood flow to a variety of areas in body

heart, lungs, brain, skeletal muscle

All about mobilizing resources

Vasoconstrict in the periphery

98
Q

Which hormonal reflex leads to vasodilation VS vasoconstriction?

Renin
ANP
ADH
Epinephrine

A

ANP - Vasodilation

VASOCONSTRICTION =
Renin
ADH
Epinephrine

99
Q

Every space that has fluid has ….

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Does not mean equal pressure
Just means it has pressure because there is fluid there - P’s law

100
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure being exerted in a space

101
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Solutes in a space creates osmotic pressure

Is all about the driving factor for osmosis and is created by tonicity

All about solutes not water

Tonicity - the solute or concentration gradient

102
Q

Interstitial fluid is the point of….

A

connection - connects up the GI tract (ex)

103
Q

More Hydrostatic pressure on which end?

Arteriole or Venule end?

A

Arteriole end = more
Venule end = less

104
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure Capillary =

A

Blood Pressure (AKA)

HPc

105
Q

Osmotic Pressure Capillary =

A

OPc

Creates osmotic pressure

plasma proteins & solutes

106
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure interstitial fluid =

A

HPif =

lymph drainage works and maintains this 0 mmHg

107
Q

Osmotic Pressure interstitial fluid =

A

OPif =

Solutes

108
Q

As movement occurs the driving forces changes

A

HP & OP change upon movement

109
Q

HP - Hydrostatic Pressure –

A

resists water entering a space

110
Q

OP - Osmotic Pressure –

A

attracts water to enter a space

pulls water towards it
About SOLUTES

111
Q

HPc & OPif –>

A

drive water out of a vascular system
towards solute

FAVORING DELIVERY
FAVOR PICKUP

112
Q

HPif & OPc –>

A

move fluid into vascular system
BLOODSTREAM

113
Q

Calculating Net Filtration Pressure

NFP. FORMULA

A

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)

Alphabetical order

114
Q

Which end of capillary does hydrostatic pressures dominate

A

Arterial end of capillary

115
Q

Which end of capillary does osmotic forces dominate?

A

Venous end of capillary

116
Q

In NFP, How does the excess fluid return to blood?

A

Lymphatic system

117
Q

HPif = 0 because of

A

lymphatic drainage

118
Q

Arterial end of NFP = normal range

A

10 mmHg

Fluid moves out
Positive values deliver goodies

119
Q

Venule end of NFP = normal range

A

— 8 mmHg

Fluid moves in

ALWAYS NEGATIVE
Negative picks up waste

120
Q

Positive values of NFP =

A

Fluid leaves capillaries
Moves out
Delivers goodies

Arterial end

121
Q

Negative values of NFP =

A

Fluid returns to circulation
Moves in
Picks up waste

122
Q

Four concepts of Venous return

A
  1. Thoracic Pump
  2. Skeletal muscle pump
  3. Cardiac Suction
  4. Gravity
123
Q

Concepts of Venous return

Thoracic Pump

A

Pressure & Volume have an inverse relationship

All about breathing to help create appropriate venous return

When we breathe deeply –
1. Ribcage goes out
2. Diaphragm pushes down which creates low pressure in the thoracic cavity.
But - relatively high pressure in the abdomen.

Because of this pressure dynamic – High on abdomen; Low in the thoracic cavity –
The blood in the abdomen wants to push back towards the heart in the thoracic cavity

124
Q

IN A CLOSED CIRCUIT - IF THE VOLUME INCREASES, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BLOOD PRESSURE

A

BLOOD PRESSURE DROPS

125
Q

Concepts of Venous return

Cardiac Suction

A

Ventricular systole enlarges atria and decreases pressure

(vena cava VS atrial)

Volume up, pressure down

When ventricle is in systole (contraction) pressure is high
Actually exerts a back pressure against the AV valve which enlarges the atria.

As the volume of the atria increases the pressure drops. Volume goes up, pressure goes down

Means the vena cavae pressure will still be higher (4.6 mmHg) than what the atria has during this phase.

126
Q

Concepts of Venous return

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Contraction of muscle compresses the vein

  1. Helps push blood through the veins
  2. Valves will shut behind the blood, so blood will not flow backward with gravity back to toes
127
Q

Where in the body is the lowest place of pressure?

A

In the atria

128
Q

Concepts of Venous return

Gravity

A

Return from above the heart

Benefit of passing out - you will fall
Cardiovascular system does not have to work so hard against gravity - back to heart

Helps return body back to homeostasis

129
Q

HPif should be ZERO. If it is not and number is up what could that indicate

A

Edema

130
Q

Circulatory Shock
Heart function VS return problems

General idea …..Cardiac Output =

A

insufficient to meet metabolism

131
Q

Reasons for Cardiac Output being insufficient?

A

Cardiogenic = heart damage -

(LVR) Low venous return =
Heart can only pump what it receives

Have to get blood back to heart

132
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

Low volume - hypovolemic

Blood Volume Loss (LVR)

133
Q

Two causes of Hypovolemic Shock

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
134
Q

Direct cause of hypovolemic shock -

A

Bleeding directly:

Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcer

135
Q

Indirect cause of hypovolemic shock -

A

Indirect - Fluid Loss - dehydration

Fluid loss - NOT blood (burn & dehydration)

136
Q

Two types of Circulatory Shock

A
  1. Hypovolemic Shock
  2. Vascular Shock
137
Q

4 causes of Vascular shock

A
  1. Neurogenic
  2. Syncope
  3. Septic shock
  4. Anaphylactic
138
Q

Vascular shock –

A

Volume normal, but accumulates in extremities (LVR) - low venous return

139
Q

Vascular shock –

Neurogenic - a nervous system disruption that causes

A

widespread, sudden vasodilation (vast increase in blood volume)

Nervous system stops regulating

140
Q

Vascular shock –

Syncope – VasoVagal

A

passing out

Brain perfusion falls…perfusion of medulla oblongata - vasomotor center monitoring oxygen delivery

141
Q

Vascular shock –

Septic Shock

A

Bacterial Endotoxins – causes vasodilation in the body

142
Q

Vascular shock –

Anaphylactic

A

increase in histamine (allergic reaction), causes massive vasodilation & permeability change shifts fluid in teh interstitial space.

Life threatening

Blocks airways

Edema face and neck

143
Q

Systemic circuits (4)

A
  1. pulmonary circuit
  2. systemic circuit (body)
  3. Coronary circuit
  4. Hepatic-portal circulation
144
Q

Coronary Circuit

A

Supplies the heart myocardium

Branch off ascending aorta

then dumps back of heart into venous sinus

145
Q

Hepatic-portal circulation

A

Portal circulation is always – one capillary bed that leads to another

This is important for connecting the digestive system to the liver

Spleen, GI tract & accessory organs feed to liver before general circulation

Whole point is to have two capillary beds between arteries and veins

Goal –
as you absorb nutrients from the digestion system, the first place you go is the liver.
You need to detoxify things, store things, break things down (metabolize)

Liver and kidney take care of these functions

146
Q

What is positive feedback saying?

A

Increase the outcome

147
Q

Hypertension is accelerated by two positive feedback loops

A

Loop 1 - plaque formation blocks arteries & impedes flow

Loop 2 - Renal hypertension - thickening of arterioles in kidney

148
Q

Hypertension — more…

A

More:
1. inflammation
2. damage
3. greater risk of hypertension
4. hardening of arteries
5. which is a repair process

149
Q

Common causes of hypertension

A
  1. Chronic High Blood Pressure (140/90)
  2. loss of flexibility of vessels (atherosclerosis)

Resulting in:
expansion (systole) & recoil (diastole) being reduced and elevates pressure/

Causing the heart to work harder, causing hypotrophy - increase in muscle size of the heart - stress on heart and blood vessels

Like a rubber band - an old - crust-hard rubberband – not flexible. Breaks on you

150
Q

Loop 1 - plaque formation blocks arteries & impede flow

A

Mostly inflammation -
Build up repair of damage within blood vessel
Part of natural formation of plaque hardening arteries
Increased risk of blood clots

Artery stretches – damages the endothelium lining – causing exposure to underlying structures (muscles) creating a site of further accumulation.

Inflammatory due to scab in hollow tube making it harder to send blood through.

How a heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism could occur - emboli frequently lodge on rough plaque surface

151
Q

Loop 2 = Renal hypertension thickening of arterioles in kidney

A

Level of the kidney

  1. Kidney monitoring - sees not enough blood supply and thinks BV, BP are down
  2. sends out Renin –>Angiotensin –> Aldosterone Pathway
  3. Will hold onto Na+ & H2O
  4. Get rid of K+

== BV & BP go up – causes vasoconstriction

Makes heart work even harder

152
Q

What holds the placenta in place?

A

Cotyledons

153
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

takes blood away from the baby - sends waste to mother for disposal

154
Q

Umbilical Veins

A

Brings blood from mom to baby delivering the goodies to the baby

155
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Bypasses the liver & drains to inferior vena cava

Liver in baby is developing
Cannot detoxify

156
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta, bypasses the lungs

Lungs are developing

157
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Connects right and left atria, bypasses lungs

Lungs developing

BIO 233 (62 decks)

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