Week 7 - Study Guide Flashcards
Ions in Intracellular
(inside of cells)
Intracellular
K+ ⬆
HPO4 (anion)
Proteins (anionic)
Mg2+
Ions in Interstitial Fluid
(in between the cells and plasma)
Interstitial
Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Ions in the plasma
(fluid component of the blood)
Plasma
Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Proteins – (albumin - buffering at bloodstream)
Sodium
Function:
1. Maintaining Blood Volume
2. Regulating ECF volume
3. Distribution
(Na+) is high in ECF
(Cl-) is high in ECF
Transmitting nerve impulses - sodium channels open - depolarization
Contracting muscles - during action potentials
Potassium
Intracellular Cation
a. Maintaining intracellular fluid osmolarity
b. Transmitting nerve impulses = repolarization during nerve impulses. (K+ opens and closes)
c. Skeletal and smooth muscle function. – contraction
Regulating Cardiac impulse transmission. = Heart contracts - K+ important
=Pacemaker cell – K+, Cl-, Na+
Regulating Acid-base Balance
Acidosis = pH⬇, H+⬆
H+ into the cell — K+ out of cell
Driving factor = H+ ⬆ in solution
H+ ➡exchange with K+
Alkalosis = pH⬆, H+⬇
H+ out of cell — K+ into cell
Calcium
- Retained in bones - forming bones and teeth
- Transmitting nerve impulses
Ca2+ allows vesicles to fuse with membrane
Release NT ➡ synapse to bind to receptors
- Regulating muscle contraction
- Blood clotting – cascade of events Ca2+
- Activating enzymes
Magnesium
- Maintaining intracellular metabolism
- Plays a role as a coenzyme in ATP formation
- OPerating Na+/K+ pump
- Mg2+ is bound to ATP to facilitate the breakdown to ADP + Pi
- Relaxing muscle contractions
(Myosin head release requires ATP)
(Ca2+ recycling @ SR requires ATP - active transport)
(Re-establishing resting membrane potential requires ATP)
(⬆Na+ outside, ⬆+ inside) - Transmitting Nerve impulses
(regulating cardiac function uses lots of ATP and magnesium)
Chloride
- producing hydrochloric acid
- In lumen of stomach to facilitate activation of enzymes that digest protein
- Regulating acid-base balance
- Critical to coupled reabsorption of HCO3- and secretions of H+ in the nephrons
- Regulating ECF balance and vascular volume
- Acting as a buffer in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange RBCs
- Don’t forget the chloride shift
Want to move HCO3- out into bloodstream to act as a buffer at the bloodstream
H+ binds to Hb
Which causes an electrical deficit in RBC
Cl- needs to move in negative ion in/out exchange
Phosphate.
HPO4-
- Forming bones and teeth
- Function of muscle, nerve, and RBC formation
- Regulate acid-base balance (acidification of urine) get rid of excess H+
- Cellular metabolism (DNA & ATP)
- Regular calcium levels
(absorption - osteoclasts)
(Release - osteoblasts) - small % of Ca2+ binds to phosphate (forms of salt)
Bicarbonate
Major Buffer in acid-base regulation
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ (H+) + Hco3-
Important electrolytes in homeostasis
Na+, K+, Ca2+
For nervous system functions
Muscle contraction
Universal Solvent
Water
and essential for metabolism because…
Chemical processes occur here
Disruptions in composition impact metabolism
Fluids are …..
- Lubricants
- solvents
- pH regulators
- acid/base balance
- Transfer Route for everything we do
Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
- Feelings of impending doom
- decreased LOC
- Near freshwater drowning
Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
- Hypoaldosteronism
- ⬇Aldosterone
- Diuretics - abuse
- depressed cells
- digestive system not moving
SIADH
hormonal imbalance of ADH
—making ADH when you should not be – because you are well hydrated – not urinating