Week 7 - Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Ions in Intracellular
(inside of cells)

A

Intracellular

K+ ⬆
HPO4 (anion)
Proteins (anionic)
Mg2+

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2
Q

Ions in Interstitial Fluid
(in between the cells and plasma)

A

Interstitial

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

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3
Q

Ions in the plasma
(fluid component of the blood)

A

Plasma

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Proteins – (albumin - buffering at bloodstream)

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4
Q

Sodium

A

Function:
1. Maintaining Blood Volume
2. Regulating ECF volume
3. Distribution

(Na+) is high in ECF
(Cl-) is high in ECF

Transmitting nerve impulses - sodium channels open - depolarization

Contracting muscles - during action potentials

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5
Q

Potassium

A

Intracellular Cation

a. Maintaining intracellular fluid osmolarity
b. Transmitting nerve impulses = repolarization during nerve impulses. (K+ opens and closes)
c. Skeletal and smooth muscle function. – contraction

Regulating Cardiac impulse transmission. = Heart contracts - K+ important
=Pacemaker cell – K+, Cl-, Na+

Regulating Acid-base Balance

Acidosis = pH⬇, H+⬆
H+ into the cell — K+ out of cell
Driving factor = H+ ⬆ in solution
H+ ➡exchange with K+

Alkalosis = pH⬆, H+⬇
H+ out of cell — K+ into cell

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6
Q

Calcium

A
  1. Retained in bones - forming bones and teeth
  2. Transmitting nerve impulses

Ca2+ allows vesicles to fuse with membrane
Release NT ➡ synapse to bind to receptors

  1. Regulating muscle contraction
  2. Blood clotting – cascade of events Ca2+
  3. Activating enzymes
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7
Q

Magnesium

A
  1. Maintaining intracellular metabolism
  2. Plays a role as a coenzyme in ATP formation
  3. OPerating Na+/K+ pump
  4. Mg2+ is bound to ATP to facilitate the breakdown to ADP + Pi
  5. Relaxing muscle contractions
    (Myosin head release requires ATP)
    (Ca2+ recycling @ SR requires ATP - active transport)
    (Re-establishing resting membrane potential requires ATP)
    (⬆Na+ outside, ⬆+ inside)
  6. Transmitting Nerve impulses
    (regulating cardiac function uses lots of ATP and magnesium)
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8
Q

Chloride

A
  1. producing hydrochloric acid
  2. In lumen of stomach to facilitate activation of enzymes that digest protein
  3. Regulating acid-base balance
  4. Critical to coupled reabsorption of HCO3- and secretions of H+ in the nephrons
  5. Regulating ECF balance and vascular volume
  6. Acting as a buffer in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange RBCs
  7. Don’t forget the chloride shift

Want to move HCO3- out into bloodstream to act as a buffer at the bloodstream

H+ binds to Hb

Which causes an electrical deficit in RBC
Cl- needs to move in negative ion in/out exchange

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9
Q

Phosphate.

A

HPO4-

  1. Forming bones and teeth
  2. Function of muscle, nerve, and RBC formation
  3. Regulate acid-base balance (acidification of urine) get rid of excess H+
  4. Cellular metabolism (DNA & ATP)
  5. Regular calcium levels
    (absorption - osteoclasts)
    (Release - osteoblasts)
  6. small % of Ca2+ binds to phosphate (forms of salt)
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10
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Major Buffer in acid-base regulation

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ (H+) + Hco3-

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11
Q

Important electrolytes in homeostasis

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

For nervous system functions
Muscle contraction

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12
Q

Universal Solvent

A

Water

and essential for metabolism because…
Chemical processes occur here
Disruptions in composition impact metabolism

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13
Q

Fluids are …..

A
  1. Lubricants
  2. solvents
  3. pH regulators
  4. acid/base balance
  5. Transfer Route for everything we do
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14
Q

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

A
  1. Feelings of impending doom
  2. decreased LOC
  3. Near freshwater drowning
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15
Q

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

A
  1. Hypoaldosteronism
  2. ⬇Aldosterone
  3. Diuretics - abuse
  4. depressed cells
  5. digestive system not moving
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16
Q

SIADH

A

hormonal imbalance of ADH
—making ADH when you should not be – because you are well hydrated – not urinating

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17
Q

Hypovolemic hypernatremia

A
  1. Diarrhea
    2 high fever/Resp Rate.
    (constant loss of water associated with resp rate and sweating from fever)
  2. Excitability
  3. Hallucinations & Delusions
18
Q

Hypervolemic Hypernatremia

A
  1. Hyperaldosteronism
    (vasoconstriction)
    (hypersecretion from adrenal glands)
    (Kidneys will retain Na+ & H2O)
  2. Near drowning in salt water
19
Q

What does Hypoaldosteronism cause?

A

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

20
Q

What does SIADH cause?

A

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

21
Q

What does diarrhea cause?

A

Hypovolemic Hypernatremia

22
Q

What does hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

Hypervolemic Hypernatremia

23
Q

What does diuretic abuse cause?

A

Hypovolemic hyponatremia

24
Q

Most H+ is produced by…

A

metabolism

25
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  1. Alkalosis ➡insulin not just glucose - move Glucose and K+ in cell
  2. Licorice aldosterone mimic (gets rid of K+)
  3. Cushing’s syndrome - hyperglycemia (cortisol)
    (moves K+ and glucose out)
  4. Hyperaldosteronism (lots of Na+ in and K+ out)
26
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Depressed

three types of muscles ar affected:
1. Smooth muscle. - digestive slows down
2. Skeletal muscle. - weakness
3. Cardiac muscle - thready, weak pulse, ⬇BP

27
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  1. Acidosis - Way too much H+ in cell and K+ out of cell
  2. Transfusion of aged blood
  3. Crushing injures - pushes K+ out of cell
  4. Burns and infection – membranes fall apart more K+ out of cell
  5. Addison’s disease - hypoglycemia/insulin - inability to produce cortisol - ACTH not impacting Aldosterone
  6. Hypoaldosteronism - cannot hold onto Na+ and H2O; cannot get rid of K+
  7. Explosive diarrhea
  8. Paresthesia (tingling of the extremities)
  9. Ectopic foci - pacemaker - instead of SA node setting something else in the heart took over
28
Q

What would Nasogastric suctioning cause?

A

Hypokalemia

29
Q

What would acidosis cause?

A

Hyperkalemia

30
Q

What would Hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

hypokalemia

31
Q

What would crushing injury cause?

A

hyperkalemia

32
Q

What would alkalosis cause?

A

Hypokalemia

33
Q

What would hypoaldosteronism cause?

A

hyperkalemia

34
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
  1. Inactive parathyroid gland
  2. Alkalosis (binds to protein plasma)
  3. carpopedal spasms
    positive trousseau’s sign
35
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism. (excessive bone breakdown due to releasing too much Calcium)
  2. Excessive Vitamin D intake (calcium and vitamin D work together)
  3. Acidosis - H+ binds Ca2+ unlocks -
  4. Cancer - cells can secrete substances that dissolve osteoclasts and cause release of calcium
  5. Calcium is a cotransport
  6. Depressed cells
36
Q

Which imbalances would be most likely to cause lower levels of consciousness (LOC)?

a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hyponatremia
c. Hypermagnesmia
d. Hypokalemia
e. hyperphospatemia
f. Hypocalcemia

A

b. Hyponatremia
c. Hypermagnesmia
d. Hypokalemia

37
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A
  1. Vitamin D and PTH levels are low
  2. Gastric suctioning
  3. Athetoid movements
  4. laryngeal stridor (pitch sound when breathing - so much muscle tension)
  5. cramping muscles
38
Q

Hypermagnemsia

A
  1. Untreated DKA due to dehydration
  2. dysarthria
  3. hypotension
  4. Depression all over
39
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A
  1. Tx DKA
  2. Anabolic effects of insulin shifts Mg, K, P, into cells
  3. Tissue anoxia (DPG not there) - chemical w/o phosphate cannot deliver O2 - reversible binding of O2
40
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A
  1. Rhabdomyolysis (muscles exploding)
  2. Chemotherapy for neoplastic disease
  3. Hyperreflexia due to secondary hypocalcemia
  4. Crystals in arteries and skin