Week 10 - Review Flashcards
Which phase of cell respiration costs 2 ATP to begin? (select all that apply)
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain
A. Glycolysis
What substances are produced during the cell respiration phase that occurs in the cytoplasm?
2 NET ATP
NADH (coenzymes)
2 Pyruvate/glucose
How are coenzymes altered when they participate in reactions of the Krebs cycle & Glycolysis?
NAD+ 🡪 NADH
& They pick up H+ & e-
FAD+ 🡪 FADH2
Where does carbon dioxide get produced in cell respiration?
Krebs Cycle
What step of cell respiration produces the maximum number of ATP molecules?
Electron Transport Chain
An H+ concentration gradient is essential in the function of the ATP synthase. Where does the energy come from to produce this gradient?
Coenzymes, NADH &
FADH2, donate their
e- to the chain & release
energy in small amounts
In anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid is formed. This process does not yield ATP itself, so why is this beneficial?
Converting pyruvate to
lactic acid regenerates the
coenzyme NAD+ so that
glycolysis can continue…
What is the difference between basal & total metabolic rate?
BMR = total energy required to keep body alive but only essential functions
TMR = energy required to do all ongoing activity
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of testes to descend into scrotum
Surgically correctable = Orchiopexy
What is the pathway of sperm & ejaculate contribution through the reproductive tract?
From seminiferous tubules in testes…
Epididymis 🡪 Vas Deferens 🡪 Seminal vesicle (ejaculatory duct) 🡪 prostate gland…
Urethra
Which male gland produces the largest contribution to ejaculate?
Seminal vesicle = 60%
Then prostate gland = 33%
Then bulbourethral…
If a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus what do you call this?
Ectopic pregnancy
Literally means
Out of place…
Fallopian tube
Cervix
Abdomen
Name the 3 layers of the uterus from outer to innermost.
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Name 3 differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
Spermatogenesis
- Begins at puberty
- Requires further specialization
- Produces 4 gametes/meiosis cycle
Oogenesis
- Initiates before birth & continues @ puberty, but doesn’t complete w/out fertilization - 3 polar bodies & 1 ovum
The end goal of meiosis I & meiosis II can be summarized as…
Meiosis I
- Separate homologous
chromosomes
Meiosis II
- Separate sister chromatids
One example of a non-disjunction error where individuals can live into adulthood is…
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
What hormone is secreted by cells that eventually become the placenta & is measured via antibodies in home pregnancy tests?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG
Tests can detect pregnancy as early as 14 days after ovulation. hCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum @ end of the normal menstrual cycle…
Symptoms associated with menopause may be related to higher than normal levels of these 2 hormones…
FSH & LH are high due to
Lack of negative feedback which normally occurs in the cycle…
What is the difference between a gene & an allele?
Gene – codes for a type of trait
Allele – is the specific form of that trait
Sex-linked recessive traits show different patterns of inheritance in males & females for what reason?
Genotypes for females…
XaXa, XAXA, XAXa
Females have 3 possible inheritance patterns & only 1/3 shows recessive traits…
___________________________________
Genotypes for males…
XaY, XAY
Males only have 1 X…
Cannot be carriers, & ½ inheritance patterns shows recessive traits…
Which phases refer to those that occur in the uterus? – SELECT ALL THAT APPLY
A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
The hormone that causes the spike in luteinizing hormone?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Testosterone
E) Human chorionic gonadotropin
F) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B) Estrogen
The corpus luteum is active during which phase?
A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
C) Luteal Phase
Which phase is stimulated by increasing follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen levels?
A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
A) Follicular Phase
The TWO hormones that the corpus luteum secretes.
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Testosterone
E) Human chorionic gonadotropin
F) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
Which phase is stimulated by a sharp spike in luteinizing hormone?
A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
The phase when the primary oocyte will begin to fully develop in the ovary.
A) Follicular Phase
B) Ovulation Phase
C) Luteal Phase
D) Menstrual Phase
E) Proliferative Phase
F) Secretory Phase
A) Follicular Phase
