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Principles of Physiopathology > WBC Disorders: Leukemia > Flashcards

WBC Disorders: Leukemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decreased circulating WBCs due to reduced production or accelerated destruction

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2
Q

What is the only treatment for aplastic anemia?

A

Stem cell graft

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3
Q

Which cells are affected by aplastic anemia?

A

All blood cells

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4
Q

Leukopenia is associated with…

A

increased infections

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5
Q

What are some symptoms of leukopenia?

A

Malaise, chill, fever

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6
Q

What does neupogen do?

A

Tells neutrophils to divide

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7
Q

Is leukopenia neoplastic?

A

No, non-neoplastic

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8
Q

Is leukocytosis neoplastic?

A

No, non-neoplastric

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9
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increased circulating number of mature non-neoplastic WBCs (commonly due to infection)

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10
Q

Leukocytosis may be confused with…

A

leukemias (leukemoid reaction)
Looks like leukemia, but it’s not

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11
Q

What are some examples of leukocytosis?

A
  • Polymorphonucleocytosis
  • Eosinophilic leukocytosis
  • Monocytosis
  • Lymphocytosis
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12
Q

What is polymorphonucleocytosis?
What is its usual cause?

A

Increased neutrophils
Bacterial infection

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13
Q

What is eosinophilic leukocytosis?
What is its usual cause?

A

Increased eosinophils
Parasite

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14
Q

What is lymphocytosis?
What is its usual cause?

A

Increased lymphocytes
Viral infection

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15
Q

Is leukemia neoplastic?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Is lymphoma neoplastic?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Lymphoid (agranulocytes) and monocytes accumulate…

A

in masses

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18
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Inflammation of lymph nodes (acute or chronic)
Large, painful lymph node (generally not cancer)

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19
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged/swollen lymph nodes
Can be silent (scary); more associated with neoplasia

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20
Q

Lymphadenitis is almost always seen with…

A

lymphadenopathy

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21
Q

Lymphadenopathy can occur independent of…

A

lymphadenitis

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22
Q

What are leukemias?

A

Neoplastic disorders of uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by replacement of bone marrow with malignant cells

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23
Q

Leukemic cells “spill” into blood and may infiltrate…

A

visceral organs

24
Q

What method of diagnosis is used for leukemias?

A

Flow cytometry

25
Q

What are the classifications of leukemias on the basis of cell type involved?

A
  • Lymphocytic leukemia
  • Myelogenous leukemia
26
Q

What is lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Derived from lymphoid stem cells (T cells and B cells)

27
Q

What is myelogenous leukemia?

A

Derived from myeloid stem cells (granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes)
ie. non-lymphoblastic

28
Q

What are the classifications of leukemias based on the state of maturity of cell/clinical presentation?

A
  • Acute leukemias
  • Chronic leukemias
29
Q

What is the histology of acute leukemias?

A

Immature neoplastic cells (leukemic blasts) due to block in differentiation of stem cell precursor

30
Q

What is the origin of neoplastic cells of acute leukemias?

A

May be lymphocytic or myelogenous stem cell origin

31
Q

Which type of leukemia will have an abrupt, stormy onset?

A

Acute leukemia

32
Q

What are the symptoms of acute leukemias?

A

Related to depression of normal marrow function: fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, organomegaly, and CNS involvement

33
Q

What is the histology of chronic leukemias?

A

More well-differentiated, mature leukocytes

34
Q

Which cells are predominantly affected by chronic leukemias?

A

Predominantly granulocytes

35
Q

Which type of leukemia has an insidious onset that’s rather slow?

A

Chronic leukemia

36
Q

What is the symptomology of chronic leukemia?

A

None or vague: anemia, fatigue and weakness, weight loss, organomegaly over a longer period of time

37
Q

90% of all childhood leukemias are…

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

38
Q

90% of adult acute leukemias are…

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

39
Q

With acute lymphocytic leukemia, transformed B-lymphocytes are myeloperoxidase…

A

negative

40
Q

With acute myelogenous leukemia, transformed cells are myeloperoxidase…

A

positive

41
Q

Is CNS involved in acute lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Yes, lumbar spinal tap may be done

42
Q

If acute lymphocytic leukemia is not treated, what is the result?

A

Close to 100% fatality in weeks-months

43
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia is Auer rod…

A

positive

44
Q

What is the role of Vitamin A therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia?

A

Tries to force differentiation

45
Q

What is the effect of gene fusion yielding abnormal retinoic acid receptor in acute myelogenous leukemia?

A

Blocks differentiation increasing neoplasm chance

46
Q

With acute myelogenous leukemia, what is WBC count?

A

Increased

47
Q

25% of all leukemias in older males is….

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

48
Q

Describe the cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

Mature, better differentiated lymphocytes, B cells

49
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the leukemic counterpart of…

A

small lymphocytic lymphoma; it has virtually identical blood histology but a different origin

50
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

Same as acute but longer
Asymptomatic or vague symptoms: infection, fatigue, organomegaly

51
Q

15-20% of all leukemias are…

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

52
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia most often involves which cells?

A

Fairly mature granulocytes

53
Q

What is the common mutation in chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, translocation resulting in bcr-c-abl gene (tyrosine kinase stuck in ON position)

54
Q

With chronic myelogenous leukemia, what can possibly turn tyrosine kinase OFF?

A

Gleevec antibody

55
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

Non-specific symptomology

56
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is difficult to treat
What happens about 50% of the time?

A

Blast crisis

57
Q

What is a Philadelphia chromosome?

A

Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 aka t(9:22)

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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