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Principles of Physiopathology > Accumulations > Flashcards

Accumulations Flashcards

Various cell accumulations

1
Q

Accumulations of material within a cell and/or organ fall into what three categories?

A
  1. Normal cellular constituent
  2. Abnormal substance
  3. Pigment
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2
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may be located within… or…

A

cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus

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3
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may affect the body in what ways?

A

May be harmless or toxic

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4
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may occur… or…

A

transiently or permanently

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5
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may occur due to…

A
  • increased production
  • decreased metabolism
  • increased deposition
  • decreased transport
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6
Q

Name six examples of intracellular accumulations

A
  • Steatosis
  • Hydropic change
  • Pigments
  • Proteins
  • Glycogen
  • Cholesterol
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7
Q

Steatosis is the accumulation of what? Where?

A

Triglycerides within parenchymal cells

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8
Q

Which organ is most commonly involved with steatosis?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What are the main causes of steatosis?

A
  • Protein malnutrition
  • toxins (alcohol, CCl4)
  • Obesity
  • Anoxia
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10
Q

What are some of the important histological features that distinguish a steatotic tissue from one that is normal?

A
  • Peripheralization of the nucleus
  • “Signet ring” appearing cell
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11
Q

What is hydropic change/cellular swelling?

A

An increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells
Water accumulation within cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of hydropic change?

A

Loss of ATP resulting in failure of sodium-potassium ATPase pump

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13
Q

What are some of the comparative features that distinguish steatosis from hydropic change?

A

Hydropic change still has a centrally located nucleus

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14
Q

What are examples of pigment accumulation?

A

Iron and lipofuscin

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15
Q

Where does iron accumulate?

A

Within parenchymal cells and within interstitium

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16
Q

How does iron accumulation appear in a cell?

A

Golden brown granules

17
Q

Describe a localized accumulation of iron

A

Hemosiderosis: common bruise (derived from hemoglobin= RBC breakdown)

18
Q

Give examples of systemic accumulation of iron

A

Systemic hemosiderosis:
* blood transfusion mismatch
* hemolytic anemias
* hemochromatosis

19
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Body attacks its own blood cells

20
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Increased absorption of iron (genetic) into bloodstream

21
Q

What is the pathological consequence of hemochromatosis?

A

Rusted liver (intercellular accumulation)

22
Q

What helps hemochromatosis?

A

Donating blood

23
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins thought to be result of oxidative stress

24
Q

How does lipofuscin change with age?

A

Increases with age; not much when born

25
Q

What is the “wear and tear pigment”?

A

Lipofuscin

26
Q

Is glycogen accumulation normal or abnormal?

A

Can be either

27
Q

What deficiency may lead to glycogen storage disease?

A

Enzyme deficiency

28
Q

Which pathologies may lead to glycogen accumulation?

A
  • Pompe disease
  • McArdle disease
  • Cori disease
  • Von Geirke disease
29
Q

Which enzyme is associated with Pompe disease causing glycogen accumulation?

A

Acid alpha glucosidase

30
Q

Which enzyme is associated with McArdle disease causing glycogen accumulation?

A

Myophosphorylase

31
Q

Which enzyme is associated with Cori disease causing glycogen accumulation?

A

Debranching enzyme

32
Q

Which enzyme is associated with Von Geirke disease causing glycogen accumulation?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

33
Q

Where can cholesterol accumulate?

A

Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls

34
Q

What is it called when cholesterol accumulates in vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls?

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

What are xanthomas?

A

Disorders of cholesterol accumulation

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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