Accumulations Flashcards

Various cell accumulations

1
Q

Accumulations of material within a cell and/or organ fall into what three categories?

A
  1. Normal cellular constituent
  2. Abnormal substance
  3. Pigment
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2
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may be located within… or…

A

cytoplasm (lysosomes) or nucleus

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3
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may affect the body in what ways?

A

May be harmless or toxic

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4
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may occur… or…

A

transiently or permanently

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5
Q

Intracellular accumulations of substances may occur due to…

A
  • increased production
  • decreased metabolism
  • increased deposition
  • decreased transport
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6
Q

Name six examples of intracellular accumulations

A
  • Steatosis
  • Hydropic change
  • Pigments
  • Proteins
  • Glycogen
  • Cholesterol
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7
Q

Steatosis is the accumulation of what? Where?

A

Triglycerides within parenchymal cells

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8
Q

Which organ is most commonly involved with steatosis?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What are the main causes of steatosis?

A
  • Protein malnutrition
  • toxins (alcohol, CCl4)
  • Obesity
  • Anoxia
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10
Q

What are some of the important histological features that distinguish a steatotic tissue from one that is normal?

A
  • Peripheralization of the nucleus
  • “Signet ring” appearing cell
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11
Q

What is hydropic change/cellular swelling?

A

An increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells
Water accumulation within cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of hydropic change?

A

Loss of ATP resulting in failure of sodium-potassium ATPase pump

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13
Q

What are some of the comparative features that distinguish steatosis from hydropic change?

A

Hydropic change still has a centrally located nucleus

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14
Q

What are examples of pigment accumulation?

A

Iron and lipofuscin

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15
Q

Where does iron accumulate?

A

Within parenchymal cells and within interstitium

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16
Q

How does iron accumulation appear in a cell?

A

Golden brown granules

17
Q

Describe a localized accumulation of iron

A

Hemosiderosis: common bruise (derived from hemoglobin= RBC breakdown)

18
Q

Give examples of systemic accumulation of iron

A

Systemic hemosiderosis:
* blood transfusion mismatch
* hemolytic anemias
* hemochromatosis

19
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Body attacks its own blood cells

20
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Increased absorption of iron (genetic) into bloodstream

21
Q

What is the pathological consequence of hemochromatosis?

A

Rusted liver (intercellular accumulation)

22
Q

What helps hemochromatosis?

A

Donating blood

23
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Undigestible mixture of lipids and proteins thought to be result of oxidative stress

24
Q

How does lipofuscin change with age?

A

Increases with age; not much when born

25
What is the "wear and tear pigment"?
Lipofuscin
26
Is glycogen accumulation normal or abnormal?
Can be either
27
What deficiency may lead to glycogen storage disease?
Enzyme deficiency
28
Which pathologies may lead to glycogen accumulation?
* Pompe disease * McArdle disease * Cori disease * Von Geirke disease
29
Which enzyme is associated with Pompe disease causing glycogen accumulation?
Acid alpha glucosidase
30
Which enzyme is associated with McArdle disease causing glycogen accumulation?
Myophosphorylase
31
Which enzyme is associated with Cori disease causing glycogen accumulation?
Debranching enzyme
32
Which enzyme is associated with Von Geirke disease causing glycogen accumulation?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
33
Where can cholesterol accumulate?
Macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls
34
What is it called when cholesterol accumulates in vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls?
Atherosclerosis
35
What are xanthomas?
Disorders of cholesterol accumulation