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Principles of Physiopathology > Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation > Flashcards

Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

Pathways of arachidonic acid and functions of cytokines

1
Q

What are two vasoactive amines?

A

Histamine, serotonin

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2
Q

What makes vasoactive amines?

A

Cells make them and release them when needed

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3
Q

Which vasoactive amine drives anaphylaxis?

A

Histamine

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4
Q

Which vasoactive amine is involved in platelet activation?

A

Serotonin

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5
Q

If arachidonic acid is metabolized into leukotrienes, what pathway was used?

A

Lypoxygenase

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6
Q

When arachidonic acid is metabolized by lypoxygenase, what is the result?

A

Leukotrienes

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7
Q

Which leukotriene is chemotactic for phagocytic cells?

A

LTB4

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8
Q

Which leukotrienes are responsible for bronchoconstriction?

A

LTC4, LTD4

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9
Q

If someone has asthma, they will have ___ leukotrienes

A

more

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10
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of the arachidonic acid pathway by breaking down phospholipids?

A

PLA2 phospholipase A2

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11
Q

What medications turn off enzyme PLA2 phospholipase A2?

A

Corticosteroids: Prednisone/Cortisol

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12
Q

What medications will start the cyclo-oxygenase pathway?

A

NSAIDs: aspirin, ibuprofen

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13
Q

What two key enzymes are used in the cyclo-oxygenase pathway?
Which is normal and which is inducible?

A

COX-1 (normal)
COX-2 (inducible)

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14
Q

Vioxx, Celebrex, and Naproxen are inhibitors of…

A

COX-2

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15
Q

If arachidonic acid goes through the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, it will become…

A

thromboxanes or prostaglandins

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16
Q

What is an example of a thromboxane?

A

TXA2

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17
Q

TXA2 is antagonistic to which prostaglandin?

A

PGI2 (prostacyclin)

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18
Q

What is the effect of thromboxanes on blood vessels and blood?

A

Vasoconstriction and increased platelet aggregation

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19
Q

What is the effect of prostaglandins on blood vessels and blood?

A

Vasodilation and decreased platelet aggregation

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20
Q

Name three examples of prostaglandins

A
  • PGD2
  • PGE2
  • PGI2 (prostacyclin)
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21
Q

Which metabolized form of arachidonic acid is associated with pain and edema?

A

Prostaglandins

22
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on bronchi?

A

Bronchodilation

23
Q

Which metabolized form of arachidonic acid will increase microvascular permeability?

A

Leukotrienes

24
Q

An autocrine cytokine acts on…

A

secreting cell

25
Q

A paracrine cytokine acts on…

A

neighboring cells

26
Q

An endocrine cytokine acts on…

A

cells in distant tissues

27
Q

Which cell derived mediator of inflammation will induce systemic acute-phase reactions?

28
Q

Cytokine secretion is stimulated by…

A

endotoxins, immune complexes, and physical injury

29
Q

Inflammatory cytokines are produced by…

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

30
Q

In endothelial cells, interleukin-1 acts on…

A
  • Adhesion molecules
  • Cytokines
  • Eicosanoids
  • Chemokines
  • Oxygen radicals
31
Q

In neutrophils, interleukin-1 influences…

A
  • Aggregation
  • Priming
32
Q

In an acute phase response, interleukin-1 triggers…

A
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Hypotension
  • Increased heart rate
  • Corticosteroid and ACTH release
33
Q

Name five cytokines that mediate inflammation

A
  • Interleukin-1
  • IL-2
  • IL-6
  • IL-8
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
34
Q

Which interleukin is always involved in degenerative arthropathies?

A

Interleukin-1

35
Q

Which interleukin triggers a fever?

A

Interleukin-1
(also IL-6)

36
Q

T cells know self vs non-self because ___ teaches them

37
Q

Which interleukin is involved in adaptive host response?

38
Q

What is the function of IL-8?

A

Chemotactic/calls for neutrophils

39
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) often goes with…

40
Q

What does the systemic acute phase reaction consist of?

A
  • Fever
  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased synthesis of proteins involved in inflammation
  • Leukocytosis (making WBC)
  • Body aches
41
Q

Nitric oxide is known as…

A

endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

42
Q

Nitric oxide is synthesized by…

A

endothelial cells and macrophages

43
Q

Which cell-derived mediator can be described as a soluble free gas with a short half-life?

A

Nitric oxide

44
Q

What are the two forms of nitric oxide?

A

Constitutive and inducible

45
Q

What are the actions of nitric oxide?

A

Vasodilator, cytotoxic as a free radical (OONO- and NO2) (might damage blood vessels)

46
Q

Nitric oxide is derived from which amino acid?

47
Q

Can taking arginine make more nitric axide?

48
Q

What is platelet activating factor?

A

A very potent and versatile mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

49
Q

What is platelet activating factor synthesized by?

A

All inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and injured tissue

50
Q

What are the functions of platelet activating factor?

A
  • Increased permeability
  • Vasodilation
  • Platelet aggregation
  • Increased arachidonic acid metabolism
  • Increased leukocyte adherence
51
Q

Interferon (IFN) alpha interferes with…

A

viral replication

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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