Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation

Question 1

What are two vasoactive amines?

Answer 1

Histamine, serotonin

Question 2

What makes vasoactive amines?

Answer 2

Cells make them and release them when needed

Question 3

Which vasoactive amine drives anaphylaxis?

Answer 3

Histamine

Question 4

Which vasoactive amine is involved in platelet activation?

Answer 4

Serotonin

Question 5

If arachidonic acid is metabolized into leukotrienes, what pathway was used?

Answer 5

Lypoxygenase

Question 6

When arachidonic acid is metabolized by lypoxygenase, what is the result?

Answer 6

Leukotrienes

Question 7

Which leukotriene is chemotactic for phagocytic cells?

Answer 7

LTB4

Question 8

Which leukotrienes are responsible for bronchoconstriction?

Answer 8

LTC4, LTD4

Question 9

If someone has asthma, they will have ___ leukotrienes

Answer 9

more

Question 10

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of the arachidonic acid pathway by breaking down phospholipids?

Answer 10

PLA2 phospholipase A2

Question 11

What medications turn off enzyme PLA2 phospholipase A2?

Answer 11

Corticosteroids: Prednisone/Cortisol

Question 12

What medications will start the cyclo-oxygenase pathway?

Answer 12

NSAIDs: aspirin, ibuprofen

Question 13

What two key enzymes are used in the cyclo-oxygenase pathway?
Which is normal and which is inducible?

Answer 13

COX-1 (normal)
COX-2 (inducible)

Question 14

Vioxx, Celebrex, and Naproxen are inhibitors of…

Answer 14

COX-2

Question 15

If arachidonic acid goes through the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, it will become…

Answer 15

thromboxanes or prostaglandins

Question 16

What is an example of a thromboxane?

Answer 16

TXA2

Question 17

TXA2 is antagonistic to which prostaglandin?

Answer 17

PGI2 (prostacyclin)

Question 18

What is the effect of thromboxanes on blood vessels and blood?

Answer 18

Vasoconstriction and increased platelet aggregation

Question 19

What is the effect of prostaglandins on blood vessels and blood?

Answer 19

Vasodilation and decreased platelet aggregation

Question 20

Name three examples of prostaglandins

Answer 20

• PGD2
• PGE2
• PGI2 (prostacyclin)

Question 21

Which metabolized form of arachidonic acid is associated with pain and edema?

Answer 21

Prostaglandins

Question 22

What effect do prostaglandins have on bronchi?

Answer 22

Bronchodilation

Question 23

Which metabolized form of arachidonic acid will increase microvascular permeability?

Answer 23

Leukotrienes

Question 24

An autocrine cytokine acts on…

Answer 24

secreting cell

Question 25

A paracrine cytokine acts on...

Answer 25

neighboring cells

Question 26

An endocrine cytokine acts on...

Answer 26

cells in distant tissues

Question 27

Which cell derived mediator of inflammation will induce systemic acute-phase reactions?

Answer 27

Cytokines

Question 28

Cytokine secretion is stimulated by...

Answer 28

endotoxins, immune complexes, and physical injury

Question 29

Inflammatory cytokines are produced by...

Answer 29

lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 30

In endothelial cells, interleukin-1 acts on...

Answer 30

* **Adhesion molecules** * Cytokines * Eicosanoids * Chemokines * **Oxygen radicals**

Question 31

In neutrophils, interleukin-1 influences...

Answer 31

* Aggregation * Priming

Question 32

In an acute phase response, interleukin-1 triggers...

Answer 32

* **Fever** * Anorexia * Hypotension * Increased heart rate * **Corticosteroid and ACTH release**

Question 33

Name five cytokines that mediate inflammation

Answer 33

* Interleukin-1 * IL-2 * IL-6 * IL-8 * Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Question 34

Which interleukin is always involved in degenerative arthropathies?

Answer 34

Interleukin-1

Question 35

Which interleukin triggers a fever?

Answer 35

Interleukin-1 (also IL-6)

Question 36

T cells know self vs non-self because ___ teaches them

Answer 36

IL-2

Question 37

Which interleukin is involved in adaptive host response?

Answer 37

IL-2

Question 38

What is the function of IL-8?

Answer 38

Chemotactic/calls for neutrophils

Question 39

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) often goes with...

Answer 39

IL-1

Question 40

What does the systemic acute phase reaction consist of?

Answer 40

* Fever * Decreased appetite * Increased synthesis of proteins involved in inflammation * Leukocytosis (making WBC) * Body aches

Question 41

Nitric oxide is known as...

Answer 41

endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

Question 42

Nitric oxide is synthesized by...

Answer 42

endothelial cells and macrophages

Question 43

Which cell-derived mediator can be described as a soluble free gas with a short half-life?

Answer 43

Nitric oxide

Question 44

What are the two forms of nitric oxide?

Answer 44

Constitutive and inducible

Question 45

What are the actions of nitric oxide?

Answer 45

Vasodilator, cytotoxic as a free radical (OONO- and NO2) (might damage blood vessels)

Question 46

Nitric oxide is derived from which amino acid?

Answer 46

Arginine

Question 47

Can taking arginine make more nitric axide?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

What is platelet activating factor?

Answer 48

A very potent and versatile mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

Question 49

What is platelet activating factor synthesized by?

Answer 49

All inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and injured tissue

Question 50

What are the functions of platelet activating factor?

Answer 50

* Increased permeability * Vasodilation * Platelet aggregation * Increased arachidonic acid metabolism * Increased leukocyte adherence

Question 51

Interferon (IFN) alpha interferes with...

Answer 51

viral replication