Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Physiopathology > Pathologies of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Pathologies of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are two non-inflammatory vascular disorders?

A
  • Monkeberg medial sclerosis
  • Raynaud phenomenon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Monkeberg medial sclerosis?

A

A degenerative calcification of the tunica media of large and medium sized muscular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What age does Monkeberg medial sclerosis typically present?

A

Older individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does Monkeberg medial sclerosis most often occur?

A

Arteries of upper and lower extremities (may cause posterior knee pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is Monkeberg medial sclerosis distinct from atherosclerosis?

A

Ordinarily does not lead to a clinical presentation
No luminal narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the etiology of Monkeberg medial sclerosis?

A

Etiology unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of hand or feet typically due to cold induced vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do fingers change color with Raynaud phenomenon?

A

White to blue to red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the mechanism of Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Reflects an exaggeration of normal central and vasomotor responses to cold or emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is Raynaud phenomenon primary or secondary?

A

Can be either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the prognosis for Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Usually benign, however long-standing cases may show signs of atrophy of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscles
Ulceration and gangrene are rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inflammatory vasculitides refers to…

A

inflammation of the walls of vessels (all sizes and types)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are possible etiologies of vasculitis?

A
  • Infection
  • Immunologic
  • Unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical presentation of vasculitis is often a result of…

A

vessel lumen narrowing/ obliteration/ dilation/ thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Many vasculitides are responsive to…

A

steroid/immunosuppressive therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ESR?
What does an elevation of ESR indicate?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Non-specific indicator of inflammation when elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is CRP?
What does an elevation of CRP indicate?

A

C-reactive protein
Non-specific indicator of inflammation when elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is RF?
What does RF assess for?

A

Rheumatoid factor
Assesses for inflammatory joint disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is ANA?
What condition involves ANA?

A

Antinuclear antibody
Found in lupus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is ANCA?

A

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the demographic of those most prone to Takayasu arteritis?

A

Females under 40 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which structure is affected by Takayasu arteritis?

A

Aortic arch, maybe its branches as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If a patient has a weaking of peripheral pulses and near obliteration of distal portions of aortic branches, what disease is suspected?

A

Takayasu arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium sized visceral arteries (no lung involvement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is presentation of polyarteritis nodosa most common?

A

Kidney, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the demographic of those most prone to polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Young males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If a patient presents with necrotizing of the vessel wall (fibrinoid necrosis), what disease is suspected?

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the three phases of polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Acute, healing, scarred (may copresent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are complications of polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Aneurysm, thrombosis, infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa is ___ responsive

A

corticosteroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the demographic of those most prone to allergic granulomatosis and angitis (Churg-Strauss)?

A

Young individuals with asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Two-thirds of patients with allergic granulomatosis and angitis (Churg-Strauss) have…

A

C-ANCA or P-ANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What structures are affected by allergic granulomatosis and angitis (Churg-Strauss)?

A

Small and medium-sized arteries and arterioles of the lungs, spleen, kidney, heart, CNS, and others

34
Q

What is the morphology of a typical lesion demonstrating a pattern of fibrinoid necrosis caused by allergic granulomatosis and angitis (Churg-Strauss)?

A

Intense eosinophilic infiltrate

35
Q

What is the demographic of those most prone to giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)?

A

Patients over 50 years of age

36
Q

Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is a ___ form of vasculitis in adults

A

MC systemic form

37
Q

Is giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) chronic or acute in form?

A

Both acute and chronic

38
Q

What structures are affected by giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)?

A

Large and small arteries, particularly in the head
Especially temporal arteries but also vertebral and ophthalmic

39
Q

What is a possible consequence of ophthalmic artery involvement in giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)?

A

Sudden permanent blindess

40
Q

Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) suggests that ___ is generated towards components of the vascular wall

A

immune reaction

41
Q

___ nature of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) suggests T-cell mediated mechanism and antigen driven injury

A

Granulomatous

42
Q

Granulomatous nature of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) suggests…

A

T-cell mediated mechanism and antigen driven injury

43
Q

What are clinical features of giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)?

A
  • Facial pain, intense upon palpation
  • Ocular symptoms mild to severe
  • May lead to permanent blindness
44
Q

Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is treated with…

A

anti-inflammatory

45
Q

If a patient presents with pain and stiffness in neck, shoulder, and hip with extreme exhaustion, what is suspected?

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

46
Q

50% of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica also have…

A

temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)

47
Q

What occurs systemically with polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

WBCs attack joints of the body

48
Q

What is the etiology of Kawasaki disease?

A

Unknown etiology

49
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

Disease of the coronary arteries affecting young children under 4 years of age

50
Q

Kawasaki disease is associated with…

A

mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (acute self-limiting fever, rash, erythema, desquamation, and lymphadenopathy)

51
Q

About 20% of children with Kawasaki disease develop…

A

cardiac sequellae leading to aneurysmal formation

52
Q

What are the clinical consequences of Kawasaki disease in order of increasing severity?

A
  • Asymptomatic vasculitis
  • Coronary artery ectasia
  • Coronary artery aneurysm
  • Thrombosis
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Sudden death
53
Q

What is the treatment for Kawasaki disease?

A

Aspirin and intravenous gammaglobulin (decrease immune response)

54
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by:

A
  1. Acute necrotizing granulomas of upper respiratory tract
  2. Necrotizing granulomatosis of small to medium sized vessels
  3. Renal disease in the form of focal glomerulitis
55
Q

90% of those with Wegener’s granulomatosis present with ___
75% is ___

A

90% ANCA
75% C-ANCA

56
Q

Pathogenesis of Wegener’s granulomatosis suggests…

A

hypersensitivity reaction

57
Q

What is the result of Wegener’s granulomatosis if not treated?

A

Rapidly fatal

58
Q

What is the treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A

Cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy)

59
Q

Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) is a distinctive disease leading to…

A

vascular insufficiency

60
Q

What characterizes thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)?

A

Segmental acute and chronic thrombosing of small and medium arteries

61
Q

Where does thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) principally present?

A

Tibial and radial arteries

62
Q

Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) previously occurred almost exclusively in…

A

heavy cigarette smoking men

63
Q

What type of inflammation is found in thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)?

A

Microabscesses/ granulomatous inflammation

64
Q

What are some symptoms of thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)?

A

Claudication; maybe cold intolerance/ Raynaud’s

65
Q

Behcet mainly involves…

A

mucous membranes

66
Q

If a patient presents with oral apthous ulcers, genital ulceration, ocular inflammation, and lesions in CNS, cardiovascular, and GI, what is suspected?

A

Behcet

67
Q

What is the cause of Behcet?

A

Unknown, however immune basis

68
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Enlarged tortuous blood vessels

69
Q

What is the etiology of varicose veins?

A

Increased intraluminal pressure

70
Q

What are some risk factors for varicose veins?

A

Female sex, familial predisposition, obesity

71
Q

Describe the vessel walls of varicose veins?

A

May be thinned due to dilation or thickened due to hypertrophy

72
Q

What are some results of varicose veins?

A

Stasis dermatitis and secondary ulceration

73
Q

What is the term for varicosity of rectum and anus?

A

Hemorrhoids

74
Q

What is the term for varicosity of esophagus?

A

Esophageal varices

75
Q

What is the term for varicosity of scrotum?

A

Varicocele

76
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Blood clot blocking one or more veins with inflammation, often in legs

77
Q

What is phlebothrombosis?

A

Blood clot in a vein without inflammation

78
Q

Deep vein thrombosis is associated with…

A

prolonged bed rest, reduced cardiac output, surgery

79
Q

Deep vein thrombosis is a major threat to life; there can be sudden death following…

A

post-op ambulation

80
Q

What is the cause of death associated with deep vein thrombosis?

A

Pulmonary embolus resulting in cor pulmonale

81
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Enlarged right ventricle due to lung condition (ie. pulmonary embolus)

82
Q

If a patient presents with a general swelling in the calf, ankle, foot, or thigh, increased warmth of the leg, redness, leg pain, night leg cramps, and bluish discoloration of skin on leg or toes, what is suspected?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions