Diagnosis, Grading, and Staging of Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Grading is based on ___ of tumor cells and the number of ___ within the tumor

A

Grading is based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor

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2
Q

Which is a histological method? Grading or staging?

A

Grading

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3
Q

What is the prognostic value of grading?

A

Can speculate malignant/benign but has limited prognostic value

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4
Q

Grading of neoplasms ranges from ___ to ___

A

well differentiated (I) to anaplastic (IV)

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5
Q

Staging is based on…

A
  • size of primary neoplasm
  • extent of its spread to regional lymph nodes
  • presence or absence of metastases
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6
Q

All solid tumors use which staging system (with different qualifiers)?

A

TNM system

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7
Q

What is the T in the TNM system?

A

Primary tumor size (0-4)
0 is in situ
2-3 is intermediate
4 is huge >7cm

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8
Q

What is the N in the TNM system?

A

Regional lymph node involvement (0-3)
0 is not in lymph nodes
1 means 1 node or 1 anatomical group of nodes is involved
2 means 2 or more lymph node groups on 1 side of the diaphragm are involved
3 means 2 or more lymph node groups on both sides of diaphragm are involved

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9
Q

What is the M in the TNM system?

A

Metastases (0-1)
0 means there is none
1 means there is metastasis

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10
Q

Which factor of the TNM system has the greatest prognostic value?

A

Metastasis

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11
Q

Prostate cancer uses what grading system?

A

Gleason score, a histological grading system

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12
Q

What is Gleason scoring?

A

Histological grading system of prostate cancer
Score derived from adding grades from several histological sites ranked accordingly based on deviation from normal prostatic architecture and relative loss of complete gland units

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13
Q

A higher Gleason score is ___ differentiated

A

poorly differentiated/anaplastic

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14
Q

A lower Gleason score is ___ differentiated

A

well differentiated

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15
Q

What must be seen to diagnose cancer?

A

Cells

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16
Q

What are three histological/cytological methods of diagnosing cancer?

A
  • Excision or biopsy
  • Needle aspiration
  • Cytologic smears
17
Q

Which histological/cytological method of diagnosing cancer is most invasive?

A

Excision or biopsy

18
Q

Which histological/cytological method of diagnosing cancer is least invasive?

A

Cytologic smears

19
Q

What is needle aspiration?
What is an example where this might be utilized?

A

Histological/cytological method of diagnosing cancer where cells are sucked out with a needle
ie. thyroid, breast

20
Q

What is an example of a cytologic smear?

A

Pap smear

21
Q

What is immunocytochemistry?

A

Antibody looks for mutation
If it lights up with antibody, it’s cancerous

22
Q

What is flow cytometry?

A

Cell counting by machine
ie. WBC count (leukemia)

23
Q

What are five methods of cancer diagnosis?

A
  • Histological/cytological methods
  • Immunocytochemistry
  • Molecular identification
  • Flow cytometry
  • Tumor markers
24
Q

Name five biochemical indicators of the presence of a tumor

A
  • Estrogen receptors (HER2)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
  • CA125
25
Q

Estrogen receptors (HER2) are biochemical indicators of the presence of…

A

breast carcinoma

26
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a biochemical indicator of the presence of…

A

liver carcinoma, testicular carcinoma

27
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a biochemical indicator of the presence of…

A

colon, pancreas, breast carcinoma

28
Q

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a biochemical indicator of the presence of…

A

prostate carcinoma

29
Q

CA125 is a biochemical indicator of the presence of…

A

ovarian carcinoma

30
Q

What are three things that evaluating tumor markers accomplish?

A
  1. Help support diagnosis of cancer
  2. Indicates success of therapy
  3. May indicate “return” of cancer
31
Q

Name five current treatment modalities of cancer

A
  • Surgical excision
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Combined therapies/induction therapy
  • Anti-hormonal/immunotherapy/stem-cell transplants
32
Q

Most treatment of cancer will have which modality of treatment?

A

Combined therapies

33
Q

What are two types of radiation therapy?

A
  • Conformal radiotherapy
  • Localized therapy