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Principles of Physiopathology > Tumor Growth and Immune Response > Flashcards

Tumor Growth and Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the natural history of malignant tumors?

A

Malignant change as a result of genetic mutations –>
Proliferation of the malignant cells with further mutations –>
Invasion of neoplastic cells –>
Distant metastases

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2
Q

What is the growth fraction?

A

Ratio of cell proliferation to cell loss
Has implications in cancer therapy

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3
Q

What is psr?

A

Probability of self renewal
p= 0.00-1.00

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4
Q

A stable tissue has what psr?

A

0.50 psr

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5
Q

With no death and a slow increase and growth of cell numbers, what is the psr?

A

0.52 psr
Cells eventually do robbery

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6
Q

With a slow decline and decay of cell numbers, what is the psr?

A

0.49 psr
Cells eventually disappear

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7
Q

Which tumors do not induce angiogenesis?

A

Young tumors

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8
Q

What is the focus of current research on tumor angiogenesis?

A

Angiostatin/immunotherapy to starve tumor, prevent growth, and lower metastasis

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9
Q

What is VEGF and FGF?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor

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10
Q

What inhibits angiogenesis?

A

P53

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11
Q

Tumor angiogenesis has roles in…

A
  • oxygen and nutrient supply
  • distant spreading of neoplastic cells
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12
Q

In the cellular basis of metastasis of carcinomas, what happens first?

A

Detachment of tumor cells from each other: loss of cadherin (cell-adhesion) molecules

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13
Q

In the cellular basis of metastasis of carcinomas, what happens after detachment of tumor cells from each other?

A

Attachment of tumor cells to basement membrane/ECM (laminin, fibronectin)

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14
Q

In the cellular basis of metastasis of carcinomas, what happens after attachment of tumor cells to the basement membrane/ECM?

A

Secretion of proteolytic enzymes which degrade ECM (matrix matalloproteases)

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15
Q

Matrix metalloproteases degrade the ECM
What is this dependent on?

A

Iron/zinc

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16
Q

In the cellular basis of metastasis of carcinomas, what happens after proteolytic enzymes degrade ECM?

A

Movement of tumor cells through bone marrow and into vessels

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17
Q

Once proteolytic enzymes degrade ECM, how do tumor cells move through bone marrow and into vessels?

A

Locomotion via cytokines (autocrine motility factor)

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18
Q

What is a metaphor for autocrine motility factor?

A

Breadcrumb trail moves away from location

19
Q

What is tumor progression?

A

Orderly progression from pre-neoplastic lesion to benign tumor to, ultimately, invasive cancer

20
Q

What is the effect of genetic instability?

A

Yields an increased rate of random, spontaneous mutations during clonal expansion

21
Q

A growing tumor tends to be selected for its…

A

potential for survival, growth, invasion, and metastasis

22
Q

What are the four most common sites for metastatic dissemination of malignant cells?

A
  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Bone
  • Brain
    All have huge blood supply
23
Q

What is the most common metastatic site for colon cancer?

A

Liver

24
Q

What is the most common metastatic target?

A

Lung

25
Q

What is organ tropism?

A

Neoplastic cells may have a selective site for metastasis that cannot be explained by natural pathways of drainage; preferential spread

26
Q

Where does lung carcinoma preferentially spread?

A

Adrenals and brain

27
Q

Where does prostate carcinoma preferentially spread?

A

Bone

28
Q

What are possible causes of organ tropism?

A
  • Tumor cell adhesion molecules
  • Secretion of chemoattractants by target organs
29
Q

Most tumors elicit a ___ inflammatory response

A

chronic

30
Q

Inflammation is correlated with better prognosis for ___ cancers

A

some

31
Q

Do immune defenses against tumor cells exist?

A

Yes

32
Q

What is the significance of animal studies such as re-implantation of non-metastatic tumor in mice?

A

Suggests tumor immunity exists

33
Q

What is immunosurveillance?

A

Recognition and destruction of tumor cells by the immune system

34
Q

What are tumor specific antigens (TSAs)?

A

Molecules that only tumors will produce; very few exist

35
Q

What are tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)?

A

Molecules that normal tissues make, but make more of with neoplasia

36
Q

What is an example of a TSA?

A

Mage (melanoma antigen)

37
Q

What is an example of a TAA?

A

PSA (prostate specific, everyone has some)

38
Q

Can females get prostate cancer?

A

Yes

39
Q

What are the capabilities of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Can lyse tumor cells without recognizing TSA

40
Q

What are the capabilities of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Recognize TSAs and lyse tumor cells

41
Q

In immunodeficient hosts, there is an ___ frequency of cancer

A

increased

42
Q

What are three ways immunosurveillance can break down when cancer arises in an otherwise healthy individual?

A
  • Selective loss of strong TSAs
  • Carcinogens or tumor products may suppress immune response
  • Tumor cells may kill immune cells
43
Q

Do tumor cells or normal cells reproduce faster?

A

Tumor cells reproduce faster than normal cells

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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