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Principles of Physiopathology > Arteriosclerosis > Flashcards

Arteriosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

Vessels typically have what three layers?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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2
Q

Tunica intima is composed of ___ which possess important multifunctional and metabolic properties

A

vascular endothelium

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3
Q

What are six functions of vascular endothelium?

A
  • Semi-permeable membrane
  • Maintenance of non-thrombogenic blood-tissue interface
  • Modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance
  • Regulation of immune an inflammatory reactions
  • Growth regulation of other cells (especially smooth muscle cells)
  • Endothelial activation
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4
Q

What is endothelial activation?

A

Ability of vascular endothelium to change their behavior based on various pathophysiological stimuli

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5
Q

What are seven inducers of endothelial activation?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Bacterial products
  • Hemodynamic stress
  • Lipid products
  • Viruses
  • Complement proteins
  • Hypoxia
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6
Q

Anything that may potentially damage endothelium or act upon it is…

A

an inducer of endothelial activation

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7
Q

Once endothelial cells are activated, they may…

A
  • express adhesion molecules
  • produce cytokines, chemokines
  • produce growth factors
  • produce vasoactive molecules
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8
Q

The expressions/productions of activated endothelial cells may lead to…

A
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • pro/anticoagulant moieties
  • influence subendothelial environment (smooth muscle cells)

through relaxing and contracting factors

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9
Q

Endothelial activation and subsequent pathological changes account for what condition?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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10
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries

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11
Q

What are the three distinctive patterns of arteriosclerosis?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Monkeberg medial sclerosis
  3. Arteriolosclerosis
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12
Q

What is the most clinically significant pattern of arteriosclerosis?

A

Atheroscleosis

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13
Q

Which arteries are affected by atherosclerosis?

A

Elastic and large/medium muscular arteries

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14
Q

Atherosclerosis contributes to ___ of all deaths

A

half

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15
Q

atheroscleosis

Death due to ischemic heart disease, which leads to myocardial infarct, accounts for ___ of all deaths in U.S.

A

20-25%

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16
Q

When does atherosclerosis begin?

A

First decade of life (endothelial activation)

17
Q

What is the histology of an initial lesion of atherosclerosis?

A

Isolated macrophage foam cells

18
Q

When an initial atherosclerotic lesion accumulates lipids, it develops into…

A

fatty streak

19
Q

An atherosclerotic fatty streak can accumulate more lipis

A
20
Q

When atherosclerotic atheroma lays down connective tissue, it becomes…

A

fibroatheroma

21
Q

Atherosclerotic lesion is clinically silent until when?

A

Atheroma (may still be silent, or become overt)

22
Q

When will an atherosclerotic lesion accelerate smooth muscle and collagen increase?

A

Fibroatheroma

23
Q

An atherosclerotic fibroatheroma may become…

A

advanced plaque, a central zone of necrosis

24
Q

When will an atherosclerotic lesion be at most risk of causing thrombosis or hematoma?

A

Advanced plaque/complicated

25
Q

What are five risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Sex (biological males at risk)
  • Diabetes (non-enzymatic glycosylation)
26
Q

What are some “soft risks” associated with atherosclerosis?

A
  • Sedentary life style
  • Stress
  • Obesity
27
Q

What are some “new risks” associated with atheroscleosis?

A
  • Homocysteinemia
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • C. pneumoniae
  • P. gingivalis
28
Q

atherosclerosis

What is a fatty streak?

A

Reversible early intimal lipid accumulation

29
Q

atherosclerosis

What are atheromatous plaques?

A

Irreversible raised subintimal plaques of necrotic tissue, lipid, extracellular matrix, and cells

30
Q

What makes biological males more at risk for atherosclerosis?

A

Decreased estrogen

31
Q

What are foam cells?

A

Lipid-ladin macrophages or smooth muscle cells found in atherosclerosis

32
Q

What are the components of an atherosclerotic lesion?
Which contain living and dead tissue?

A
  • Fibrous cap (living tissue)
  • Necrotic center (dead tissue)
33
Q

What are four clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Acute occlusion
  • Chronic narrowing
  • Aneurysm formation
  • Embolism

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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