Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What is invasion?

A

The infiltration of surround (local) tissue by a neoplasm

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2
Q

Do benign neoplasms invade?

A

No

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3
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be encapsulated?

A

Benign is generally encapsulated

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4
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be highly differentiated?

A

Benign is highly differentiated

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5
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be poorly differentiated?

A

Malignant is poorly differentiated

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6
Q

Which type of neoplasm will ultimately, progressively infiltrate, invade, and destroy?

A

Malignant

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7
Q

Which type of neoplasm can often be surgically excised?

A

Benign

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8
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The invasive nature of neoplasms which allows them to penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatics, and body cavities, thus providing the opportunity for spread of the neoplasm to a distant anatomical territory

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9
Q

Metastasis unequivocally marks a neoplasm as…

A

malignant

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10
Q

With few exceptions, all malignant neoplasms have the potential to…

A

metastasize

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11
Q

Approximately ___% of newly diagnosed patients with solid malignant neoplasms clinically present with metastases

A

50%

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12
Q

Metastatic spread strongly reduces…

A

the possibility of cure

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13
Q

What are three pathways of metastatic spread?

A
  • Direct seeding
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Hematogenous spread
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14
Q

What is an example of a neoplasia with lymphatic spread?

A

Breast cancer

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15
Q

Lymphatic spread happens through…

A

lymph nodes

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16
Q

Hematogenous spread happens through…

A

arteries and veins (blood stream)

17
Q

Hematogenous spread commonly affects… because…

A

commonly affects liver because all gut venous drainage goes there

18
Q

Name four tissue changes associated with neoplastic disease

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Tumor giant cells
19
Q

What is dysplasia redux?

A

Disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells; loss uniformity of individual cells and loss of architecture; pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, increased mitoses

20
Q

What are two possible outcomes of dysplasia?

A

May progress to malignant neoplasia or may revert to normal tissue

21
Q

What is the potential sequence of events in the evolution of a neoplasia of epithelial cell origin?

A

Hyperplasia –> Dysplasia –> Carcinoma in situ –> Malignant neoplasia

22
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

Frank red blood; lower GI bleed

23
Q

What is melena?

A

Black, tarry stool; upper GI bleed

24
Q

What are the local effects of both benign and malignant neoplasias?

A
  • Swelling
  • Irritation
  • Blood vessel damage
  • Visceral damage
  • Compromised organ function
25
Systemic effects are contingent upon...
hormone secreting a substance
26
What is the secretion of a benign neoplasm causing systemic effects?
Indigenous hormone secretion
27
What is the secretion of a malignant neoplasm causing systemic effects?
Indigenous or ectopic hormone production
28
What is an indigenous hormone?
Native to the tissue of origin ie. pancreatic neoplasm secreting insulin
29
What is an ectopic hormone?
Not normally produced by that tissue ie. lung neoplasm secreting ACTH)
30
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Syndrome in which symptoms "mask" the underlying neoplasm
31
What are three mechanisms that might create a hypercalcemic state as a systemic effect?
* Primary bone neoplasm (eating bone) * Metastasis to bone * PTH-secreting tumor
32
Are endocrinopathies an example of indigenous or ectopic hormone production?
Ectopic
33
What are two examples of endocrinopathies?
* Cushing syndrome * Hypercalcemia
34
How is Cushing's syndrome an example of ectopic hormone production?
ACTH production by lung carcinoma
35
What is the result of parathyroid hormone production by lung carcinoma?
Ectopic hormone production causes hypercalcemia
36
In neuromyopathic/myasthenic syndrome, what do lung carcinoma tumor cells do?
Elicit antibody formation
37
When lung carcinoma tumor cells ellicit antibody formation, what is the effect on neurons?
Antibodies to tumor cells "cross-react" with neuronal endings Antibodies are made against the neuron that releases acetylcholine Cannot activate mM leading to flaccid paralysis
38
What is an example of a paraneoplastic vascular disorder?
Thrombosis as a result of increased synthesis of coagulation proteins induced by malignant cells