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Principles of Physiopathology > Benign and Malignant Neoplasms > Flashcards

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What is invasion?

A

The infiltration of surround (local) tissue by a neoplasm

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2
Q

Do benign neoplasms invade?

A

No

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3
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be encapsulated?

A

Benign is generally encapsulated

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4
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be highly differentiated?

A

Benign is highly differentiated

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5
Q

Which type of neoplasm would be poorly differentiated?

A

Malignant is poorly differentiated

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6
Q

Which type of neoplasm will ultimately, progressively infiltrate, invade, and destroy?

A

Malignant

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7
Q

Which type of neoplasm can often be surgically excised?

A

Benign

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8
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The invasive nature of neoplasms which allows them to penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatics, and body cavities, thus providing the opportunity for spread of the neoplasm to a distant anatomical territory

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9
Q

Metastasis unequivocally marks a neoplasm as…

A

malignant

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10
Q

With few exceptions, all malignant neoplasms have the potential to…

A

metastasize

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11
Q

Approximately ___% of newly diagnosed patients with solid malignant neoplasms clinically present with metastases

A

50%

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12
Q

Metastatic spread strongly reduces…

A

the possibility of cure

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13
Q

What are three pathways of metastatic spread?

A
  • Direct seeding
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Hematogenous spread
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14
Q

What is an example of a neoplasia with lymphatic spread?

A

Breast cancer

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15
Q

Lymphatic spread happens through…

A

lymph nodes

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16
Q

Hematogenous spread happens through…

A

arteries and veins (blood stream)

17
Q

Hematogenous spread commonly affects… because…

A

commonly affects liver because all gut venous drainage goes there

18
Q

Name four tissue changes associated with neoplastic disease

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Tumor giant cells
19
Q

What is dysplasia redux?

A

Disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells; loss uniformity of individual cells and loss of architecture; pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, increased mitoses

20
Q

What are two possible outcomes of dysplasia?

A

May progress to malignant neoplasia or may revert to normal tissue

21
Q

What is the potential sequence of events in the evolution of a neoplasia of epithelial cell origin?

A

Hyperplasia –> Dysplasia –> Carcinoma in situ –> Malignant neoplasia

22
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

Frank red blood; lower GI bleed

23
Q

What is melena?

A

Black, tarry stool; upper GI bleed

24
Q

What are the local effects of both benign and malignant neoplasias?

A
  • Swelling
  • Irritation
  • Blood vessel damage
  • Visceral damage
  • Compromised organ function
25
Q

Systemic effects are contingent upon…

A

hormone secreting a substance

26
Q

What is the secretion of a benign neoplasm causing systemic effects?

A

Indigenous hormone secretion

27
Q

What is the secretion of a malignant neoplasm causing systemic effects?

A

Indigenous or ectopic hormone production

28
Q

What is an indigenous hormone?

A

Native to the tissue of origin
ie. pancreatic neoplasm secreting insulin

29
Q

What is an ectopic hormone?

A

Not normally produced by that tissue
ie. lung neoplasm secreting ACTH)

30
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Syndrome in which symptoms “mask” the underlying neoplasm

31
Q

What are three mechanisms that might create a hypercalcemic state as a systemic effect?

A
  • Primary bone neoplasm (eating bone)
  • Metastasis to bone
  • PTH-secreting tumor
32
Q

Are endocrinopathies an example of indigenous or ectopic hormone production?

A

Ectopic

33
Q

What are two examples of endocrinopathies?

A
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Hypercalcemia
34
Q

How is Cushing’s syndrome an example of ectopic hormone production?

A

ACTH production by lung carcinoma

35
Q

What is the result of parathyroid hormone production by lung carcinoma?

A

Ectopic hormone production causes hypercalcemia

36
Q

In neuromyopathic/myasthenic syndrome, what do lung carcinoma tumor cells do?

A

Elicit antibody formation

37
Q

When lung carcinoma tumor cells ellicit antibody formation, what is the effect on neurons?

A

Antibodies to tumor cells “cross-react” with neuronal endings
Antibodies are made against the neuron that releases acetylcholine
Cannot activate mM leading to flaccid paralysis

38
Q

What is an example of a paraneoplastic vascular disorder?

A

Thrombosis as a result of increased synthesis of coagulation proteins induced by malignant cells

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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