Cellular Responses to Stress

Question 1

Is calcification normal or abnormal?

Answer 1

Can be either

Question 2

Within pathology, what is calcification?

Answer 2

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues

Question 3

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 3

Calcium deposition in dead (necrotic)/non-viable tissue

Question 4

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 4

Calcium deposition in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia

Question 5

Atherosclerosis is an example of what type of calcification?

Answer 5

Dystrophic calcification (valvular material isn’t necessarily alive)

Question 6

Which type of calcification is associated with scar tissue?

Answer 6

Dystrophic calcification

Question 7

Which type of calcification is due to hypercalcemia?

Answer 7

Metastatic calcification

Question 8

Which type of calcification is more common?

Answer 8

Dystrophic calcification

Question 9

Calcification in a surgically repaired achilles tendon is an example of…

Answer 9

dystrophic calcification (tendons aren’t alive)

Question 10

A calcific deposit in the supraspinatus tendon is an example of…

Answer 10

dystrophic calcification (tendons aren’t alive)

Question 11

How will a PTH secreting tumor affect calcification?

Answer 11

PTH will raise blood calcium causing hypercalcemia which leads to metastatic calcification (everywhere)

Question 12

Is calcification reversible?

Answer 12

Irreversible

Question 13

What is necrosis?

Answer 13

A spectrum of morphologic changes that occur in cells following cell death in living tissue

Question 14

Necrosis occurs only in…

Answer 14

living organisms

Question 15

Necrosis is the sum of two processes:

Answer 15

1. Denaturation of proteins
2. Enzymatic digesting of organelles

Question 16

Coagulative necrosis is characterized by… ie…

Answer 16

preservation of cellular outline
ie. heart tissue

Question 17

Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by… ie…

Answer 17

destruction of tissue, cellular debris, decreased architecture
ie. brain tissue during stroke, bacterial infections

Question 18

Gangrenous necrosis is characterized by… ie…

Answer 18

conspicuous color change, loss of blood flow
ie found in fingers and toes, possibly bowels

Question 19

Caseous necrosis is characterized by… ie…

Answer 19

resemblance to cheese
ie. tuberculosis

Question 20

Enzymatic fat necrosis is characterized by… ie…

Answer 20

fatty necrosis
ie. pancreas, breast cancer, and anywhere in the body

Question 21

If a cell is more pink, it is…

Answer 21

more eosinophilic and less basophilic

Question 22

If a cell is less pink, it is…

Answer 22

less eosinophilic and more basophilic

Question 23

A heart attack will lead to what kind of necrosis?

Answer 23

Coagulative necrosis

Question 24

What kind of necrosis will result from a kidney infection?

Answer 24

Liquefactive necrosis leaving scars

Question 25

What is pancreatic fat necrosis?

Answer 25

Pancreas digests itself into soap

Question 26

What is apoptosis?

Answer 26

Programmed cell death

Question 27

How are necrosis and apoptosis different?

Answer 27

Necrosis is pathological, apoptosis is “quiet”

Question 28

What are the causes of apoptosis?

Answer 28

• Embryogenesis
• Hormone-dependent involution in the adult
• Cell deletion in populations of cells which have normal “turnover”

Question 29

What is a primary example of cells that are always turning over?

Answer 29

Epithelial cells

Question 30

What is the morphological pattern of death by apoptosis?

Answer 30

• Cell shrinkage
• Chromatin condensation
• Apoptotic bodies (blebbing)
• Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by phagocytic cells