Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of identifying common factors which contribute to the spread, growth, or development of a disease, and the evaluation of these factors in the context of current biological understanding

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2
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A cancer-causing agent

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3
Q

Lung cancer is 2 times greater in U.S. than…

A

Japan

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4
Q

Lung cancer deaths are 6 times greater in New Zealand than in…

A

Iceland

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5
Q

Nasopharyngeal/esophageal cancer is prevalent in…

A

Asia, Iran

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6
Q

Carcinomas present more frequently in what age group?

A

Over 55 years

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7
Q

Acute leukemia and brain neoplasm present more commonly in what age group?

A

Young

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8
Q

What are the three most common cancers in US men?

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung and bronchus
  • Colon and rectum
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9
Q

What are the three most common cancers in US women?

A
  • Breast
  • Lung and bronchus
  • Colon and rectum
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10
Q

What are the three most common cancer deaths in US men?

A
  • Lung and bronchus
  • Prostate
  • Colon and rectum
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11
Q

What are the three most common cancer deaths in US women?

A
  • Lung and bronchus
  • Breast
  • Colon and rectum
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12
Q

Lungs aren’t well innervated, so once symptomatic and screened, ___% have metastasized

A

50%

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13
Q

Generally, older age means ___ risk of cancer

A

increased

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14
Q

Which age groups tend to get Hodgkin’s and leukemia?

A

The young and the old

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15
Q

Nearly every malignancy is ___
There is ___% recovery without treatment

A

Nearly every malignancy is fatal
There is 0% recovery without treatment

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16
Q

What are inherited cancer syndromes?

A

Well-defined malignancies in which the inheritance of a single mutant gene (identified) greatly increases the risk of developing a neoplasm

17
Q

Childhood retinoblastoma is a mutation of…

A

Rb

18
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli is a mutation of…

A

APC
Carrying the gene causes colon cancer

19
Q

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a mutation of…

A

p53
Spontaneous tumors are made throughout life

20
Q

With familial forms of cancer, incidence is increased in…

A

genetic relatives

21
Q

Are familial forms of cancer specific for one type of malignancy or non-specific?

A

May be either

22
Q

Unlike inherited cancer syndromes, familial forms of cancer have no…

A

no consistent link to a specific genetic mutation

23
Q

How is tobacco smoke typically measured as a suspected carcinogen?

A

Pack/years + tar concentration

24
Q

What are some viruses and bacteria that are known/suspected carcinogens?

A

Viruses: HPV, EBV, HBV
Bacteria: H. pylori

25
Q

Which demographic is most prone to alcoholism?

A

College students

26
Q

List some known/suspected carcinogens

A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Dietary carcinogens/insufficiencies
  • Alcohol
  • Radiation
  • Chemicals
  • Therapeutic drugs
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
27
Q

Low risk strains of HPV include…

A

papilloma (warts)

28
Q

High risk strains of HPV include…

A

cervical carcinoma and oral carcinoma

29
Q

How do high risk strains of HPV compare to low risk strains of HPV?

A

High risk strains: contain different DNA sequences; viral protein products degrade p53 gene product
Low risk strains: do not degrade p53 gene product

30
Q

What is EBV?
What cells are infected?

A

Epstein-Barr virus
Infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes

31
Q

In healthy individuals, what is the effect of EBV?

A

Mononucleosis; flu/cold symptoms

32
Q

In immunocompromised individuals, what is the effect of EBV?

A

B cell apoptosis is lost

33
Q

What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Increased expression of bcl-2 caused by EBV

34
Q

HBV has a strong association with…

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

35
Q

What is the proposed mechanism of the association between HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Chronic liver damage –> regenerative hyperplasia –> increased spontaneous mutations

36
Q

H. pylori is linked to…

A

gastric carcinomas and B cell lymphomas of stomach (arising in mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

37
Q

What is the role of H. pylori for T cells and B cells?

A

Role of T cell stimulation of B cell proliferation