Thrombi and Emboli Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the U.S.?

A

Arterial thrombi

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2
Q

What are the three most common sites of arterial thrombi?

A
  1. Coronary
  2. Cerebral
  3. Femoral arteries
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3
Q

Arterial thrombi will result in…

A

ischemic infarction

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4
Q

Myocardial infarction involves what type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

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5
Q

Cerebral infarction/stroke involves what type of necrosis?

A

Liquefactive

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6
Q

Renal infarction involves what type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

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7
Q

What is phlebothrombosis?

A

Venous thrombosis

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8
Q

Where do red thrombi occur?

A

Within veins

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9
Q

What is the most common site of phlebothrombosis?

A

Superficial leg veins (varicose veins)

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10
Q

What is the most common clinical manifestation (and most clinically significant) of phlebothrombosis?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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11
Q

If the tissue is pale, not swollen, and has gangrenous necrosis, what is the most likely type of thrombus?

A

Arterial thrombus

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12
Q

If the tissue is swollen and has changed color, what is the most likely type of thrombus?

A

Venous thrombus

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13
Q

What are lines of Zahn?

A

Morphological attribute of thrombi: alternating dark and light lines indicating start/stop growth pattern of clot

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14
Q

What is mural thrombi?

A

Thrombi attaching to wall of blood vessel and cardiac chamber

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15
Q

What are vegetations (infective endocarditis)?

A

Thrombi occurring at tip of valve due to strep and staph

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16
Q

What is verrucous (Libman sacks) endocarditis?

A

Autoimmune (lupus)
Thrombi occur on top of heart valves

17
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of deep vein thrombosis?

A
  • Edema of foot and ankle
  • Pain of foot and ankle (Homan’s sign)
  • Local ischemia - bacterial skin infections
  • Pulmonary embolization
18
Q

What is Homan’s sign?

A

Apprehension with contact of back of knee, pain of foot and ankle, a clinical manifestation of deep vein thrombosis

19
Q

What is pulmonary embolization?

A

Detached venous thrombosis travels to lung

20
Q

What are the potential fates of a thrombus in order of least to most severe?

A
  • Dissolution
  • Propagation
  • Organization
  • Recanalization
  • Embolization
21
Q

What is dissolution of a thrombus?

A

Blood clot dissolves by plasmin

22
Q

What is propagation of a thrombus?

A

Continued growth

23
Q

What is embolism?

A

A detached intravascular mass (any) that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

24
Q

What is the most common type of embolism?

A

Thromboembolism

25
Thromboembolism results in...
partial or complete occlusion of vessel lumina
26
Thromboembolus may lodge in ___ or ___
pulmonary (venous) or systemic (arterial) circulation
27
Fat embolism usually occurs with...
long bone fracture
28
If a substance turns red with acid-fast staining, it is...
fat
29
What type of embolism is involved in "the Bends"?
Air embolism in venous system
30
What is an amniotic embolism?
Birth complication: placental tear/abruption, fetus sheds epithelial cells that are expressed in mother's blood
31
What is the most common preventable death in hospitalized patients?
Pulmonary emboli (role of ambulation and anticoagulants)
32
Deep leg vein thrombi can lead to...
pulmonary emboli
33
What is a saddle embolus?
Large emboli at bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
34
Systemic emboli have what origin?
Arterial (left ventricle, atherosclerotic plaques)
35
What is the most common site of lodgment for systemic emboli?
Lower extremities (75%)
36
What are three sites of lodgment for systemic emboli?
* Lower extremities * Brain * VIscera