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Principles of Physiopathology > Cell Injury Concepts > Flashcards

Cell Injury Concepts Flashcards

Includes themes of cell injury and free radicals

1
Q

What is hypoxia due to?

A

Ischemia or decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood

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2
Q

What are some physical agents of cell injury?

A

Trauma, temperature, radiation, shock

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3
Q

Name some chemical agents and drugs that may cause cellular injury

A
  • Biological agents
  • Poisons/pollutants
  • Industrial hazards
  • Social and therapeutic drugs
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4
Q

List the themes of cellular injury

A
  • Hypoxia
  • Physical agents
  • Chemical agents and drugs
  • Infectious agents
  • Immunological reactions
  • Genetic defects
  • Nutritional imbalances
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5
Q

Lack of oxygen (or oxygen excess) causes decreased synthesis of…

A

ATP

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6
Q

Increases in intracellular calcium and loss of calcium homeostasis lead to activation of…

A

calcium-dependent enzymes

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7
Q

With an increase in calcium in the cell, enzymes turn on causing…

A

cell death

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8
Q

Depletion of ATP causes…

A

loss of membrane function and intracellular processes, thus cell death

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9
Q

Defects in membrane permeability have what effect on the cell?

A

Holes in membranes, the cell’s or its organelles’, kill the cell

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10
Q

If a cell has decreased pH and ATP, and has swollen, is this reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

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11
Q

If ribosomes have detached from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, is this reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

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12
Q

What is the point of no return/irreversibility?

A

Mitochondrial vacuolization

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13
Q

What happens after mitochondrial vacuolization?

A
  • Lysosome rupture
  • Ca+ release into cytoplasm
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14
Q

What does cellular swelling mean for the cell’s activity?

A

Loss of activity of Na+/K+ ATPase pump activity meaning ion influx

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15
Q

What does steatosis mean for the cell’s activity?

A

Altered metabolism/transport of triglycerides

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16
Q

Is steatosis reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible, but may become irreversible

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17
Q

Is cellular swelling reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible, but may become irreversible

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18
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Small, shrunken, and dark nuclei

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19
Q

What is karryorrhexis?

A

Fragmented nuclei

20
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

Faded nuclei

21
Q

In hypoxic/ischemic injury, is compromised aerobic respiration and increased rate of anaerobic glycolysis reversible?

A

Yes, these are before the point of no return

22
Q

Is lysosomal membrane rupture/activation of Ca+ dependent enzymes reversible?

A

No, after the point of no return

23
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Unstable atoms that can injure the cell

24
Q

Free radicals serve what purpose normally?

A

A final common pathway in a variety of cell processes

25
Q

Chemical and radiation injury, cellular aging, oxygen toxicity, and microbial killing by phagocytes can all be caused by…

A

free radicals

26
Q

Free radicals consist of…

A

chemical species

27
Q

What are three traits of chemical species of free radicals?

A
  • Highly reactive
  • Autocatalytic
  • Unstable
28
Q

Free radical induced damage involves:

A
  • Lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
  • Oxidative modification of cellular proteins
  • Damage to cellular DNA
29
Q

What enzymes are used to turn O2 into O2- (superoxide anion)?

A

NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase

30
Q

O2- (superoxide anion) makes more…

A

free radicals

31
Q

What enzyme and coenzyme is used to turn O2- into H2O2?

A

Superoxide dismutase and H2O

32
Q

Name H2O2

A

Hydrogen peroxide

33
Q

What enzyme is used to turn H2O2 into H2O + O2?

A

Catalase

34
Q

What would happen without free radicals?

A

Most immunological processes would cease

35
Q

What are the attributes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?

A

Forms free radicals via Fe2+- catalyzed Fenton reaction
Diffuses widely within the cell

36
Q

What is the Fenton reaction?

A

Fe2+ + H2O2 –> Fe3+ + OH- + .OH (free radical)

37
Q

What is the Haber-Weiss reaction?

A

O2- + H+ + H2O2 –> O2 + H2o + .OH (free radical)

38
Q

Where is superoxide anion (O2-) generated?

A

Generated by leaks in the electron transport chain and some cytosolic reactions

39
Q

Superoxide anion (O2-) with xanthine oxidase produces…

A

other ROS

40
Q

Does superoxide anion (O2-) diffuse from its origin?

A

Does not readily diffuse far from its origin

41
Q

Where is hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated?

A

Generated from H2O2 by Fe+-catalyzed Fenton reaction

42
Q

Which intracellular radical is most responsible for attack on macromolecules?

A

Hydroxyl radical (.OH)

43
Q

What are the attributes of peroxynitrite (ONOO.)?

A

Formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with O2-; damages macromolecules

44
Q

What are lipid peroxide radicals (RCOO.)?

A

Organic radicals produced during lipid peroxidation

45
Q

What are the attributes of hypochlorous acid (HOCl)?

A

Produced by macrophages and neutrophils during respiratory burst that accompanies phagocytosis
Dissociates to yield hypochlorite radical (OCL-)

46
Q

What is Fe2+?

A

Ferrous iron

47
Q

Activated oxygen will lead to…

A

membrane damage thus cell injury

Principles of Physiopathology (36 decks)

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