Major Forms of Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

Review of atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia

1
Q

Cells can adapt through modulation of their…

A

size, shape, metabolism, and behavior

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2
Q

What are five major forms of cellular adaptation?

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of a cell or organ due to loss of organelles
An adaptation to diminish need or resources for cell activity

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4
Q

What is physiological atrophy?

A

A normal loss of endocrine stimulation
ex. lack of use (reversible)

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5
Q

What is pathological atrophy?

A

Diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, abnormal loss of endocrine stimulation, decreased workload
ex. paraplegia (atrophy to limbs)

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6
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size and functional capacity

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7
Q

Increase in production and number of intracellular organelles (hypertrophy) will mean what for metabolic demands?

A

Increased metabolic demands on the cell/hormonal stimulation

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8
Q

What is physiological hypertrophy?

A

Increased functional demand
ex. working out and building muscle

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9
Q

What is goiter?

A

A pathological hypertrophy enlarging the thyroid gland

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10
Q

A hormone secreting tumor will mean what for an endocrine gland?

A

Hyperactivity

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11
Q

High blood pressure can lead to heart hypertrophy. What kind of hypertrophy is this?

A

Pathological

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12
Q

Excessive abnormal demands on an organ will lead to which adaptation?

A

Pathological hypertrophy

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells

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14
Q

What are examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal stimulation in lactating breast, increase in RBCs at high altitude

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15
Q

What are examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Endometriosis, psoriasis, liver regeneration following damage

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16
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A change where one terminally differentiated cell type is replaced by another terminally differentiated cell type

17
Q

What is metaplasia a response to?

A

Persistent injury/irritation

18
Q

Commonly, glandular epithelium is replaced by…

A

squamous epithelium

19
Q

Describe Barret esophagus

A

Simple columnar metaplasia creeping up esophagus

20
Q

Give two examples of squamous metaplasia

A

Bronchus, bladder

21
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

After injury, soft tissue (muscle) will behave like bone showing bright on a radiograph

22
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

23
Q

Loss of uniformity of cells as well as loss in architectural orientation describes what adaptation?

24
Q

Dysplasia is a response to…

A

persistent injurious influence; may regress

25
Severe dysplasia is considered an indication for what type of care?
Aggressive preventive therapy to cure
26
Which adaptations may give rise to neoplasia?
Dysplasia, hyperplasia, and metaplasia
27
Which adaptation always leads to neoplasia?
Dysplasia